Reaction formation

Reaction formation is a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual unconsciously replaces an unacceptable or anxiety-provoking impulse with its opposite. This mechanism is a part of psychoanalytic theory and was first described by Sigmund Freud.

Overview

Reaction formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want. This defense mechanism is often used to hide one's true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner. For example, a person who feels hostility towards someone might act overly friendly towards that individual.

Mechanism

The process of reaction formation involves the repression of the original impulse, followed by the expression of the opposite impulse. This can be seen as a way to protect the ego from the anxiety associated with the unacceptable impulse. By expressing the opposite behavior, the individual can avoid the discomfort of acknowledging their true feelings.

Examples

Common examples of reaction formation include:

• A person who is angry with a colleague may act overly kind and considerate towards them.
• An individual who has feelings of inadequacy may boast about their achievements and capabilities.
• Someone who is experiencing guilt about a particular behavior may become overly moralistic and judgmental about that behavior in others.

Related Concepts

Reaction formation is one of several defense mechanisms identified in psychoanalytic theory. Other related defense mechanisms include:

• Denial
• Projection
• Displacement
• Rationalization
• Sublimation

Clinical Significance

Understanding reaction formation can be important in psychotherapy and counseling, as it helps therapists recognize when a client may be using this defense mechanism to cope with anxiety or internal conflict. By identifying and addressing these behaviors, therapists can help clients explore and understand their true feelings and impulses.

See Also

• Defense mechanism
• Psychoanalytic theory
• Sigmund Freud
• Psychotherapy
• Counseling