Disorders of sclera and cornea

Disorders of the Sclera and Cornea encompass a range of medical conditions affecting the sclera and cornea, which are crucial components of the eye. The sclera, often referred to as the white of the eye, provides structural support and protection. The cornea, a transparent layer covering the front of the eye, plays a key role in focusing vision. Disorders affecting these parts of the eye can lead to a variety of symptoms and may impact vision.

Scleral Disorders

Scleral disorders involve the white outer layer of the eyeball. Some common scleral disorders include:

• Scleritis: This is an inflammation of the sclera that can be painful and may be associated with systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It requires prompt medical attention to prevent serious complications.
• Episcleritis: A milder form of inflammation that affects the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the sclera. It is usually less severe than scleritis and often resolves on its own.

Corneal Disorders

Corneal disorders affect the cornea and can significantly impact the quality of vision. Some of the most common corneal disorders include:

• Keratitis: An inflammation of the cornea that can be caused by infections, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, or by non-infectious factors such as ultraviolet radiation exposure.
• Corneal dystrophy: A group of genetic, often progressive, disorders that can lead to clouding of the cornea, affecting vision. Types include Fuchs' dystrophy and keratoconus.
• Keratoconus: A condition where the cornea thins and gradually bulges outward into a cone shape, leading to vision distortion.
• Dry eye syndrome: While not exclusively a corneal disorder, dry eye syndrome can significantly affect the cornea and overall eye health. It occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of scleral and corneal disorders typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, which may include testing of visual acuity, examination of the eye under a slit lamp, and measuring the curvature of the cornea. Treatment varies depending on the specific disorder and its severity and may include medication, such as anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial agents, and in some cases, surgery.

Prevention and Management

Preventive measures for scleral and corneal disorders include protecting the eyes from ultraviolet radiation, avoiding eye injuries, and managing underlying health conditions that could contribute to eye disorders. Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection and management of these conditions.

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