Female genital mutilation in India

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in India is a practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. This practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women's sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty, and beauty. It is internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women and reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes.

Prevalence

FGM in India is primarily practiced among certain communities, notably the Dawoodi Bohra, a sect of Shia Islam. The practice, known as Khatna or Khafz, involves the removal of the clitoral hood and is often performed on girls aged between six and twelve years. The prevalence of FGM within the country is not well-documented due to the secrecy surrounding the practice and the lack of comprehensive national studies. However, it is believed that the practice is declining due to increased awareness and education, although it still persists in some communities.

Cultural Justifications and Opposition

The practice of FGM in India is justified by practitioners for various cultural, religious, and social reasons, including beliefs about maintaining female purity, enhancing male pleasure, and preventing promiscuity. However, these justifications are widely contested by human rights advocates, medical professionals, and many within the communities themselves who argue that FGM has no health benefits and harms girls and women in many ways.

Opposition to FGM in India has grown in recent years, with activists from within the affected communities and broader human rights organizations calling for an end to the practice. These groups highlight the physical and psychological trauma associated with FGM and advocate for legislation to ban the practice.

Legal Status

As of now, India does not have a specific law banning FGM. Activists have called for the practice to be explicitly outlawed, arguing that existing laws against child abuse and assault are not sufficient to combat FGM. The Indian government has faced pressure from both national and international bodies to enact specific legislation against FGM.

Health Implications

FGM has no health benefits and can cause a range of immediate and long-term health problems. Immediate complications can include severe pain, bleeding, and infection. Long-term effects may include urinary and menstrual problems, increased risk of childbirth complications, and psychological issues such as depression and anxiety.

International Context

FGM is a global concern, with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) advocating for its eradication. The practice is most prevalent in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, affecting millions of girls and women worldwide. International efforts to end FGM are part of broader initiatives to promote gender equality and women's rights.

Conclusion

Female Genital Mutilation in India represents a critical issue at the intersection of gender, health, and human rights. While the practice is less widespread than in some other countries, it persists within certain communities, underpinned by tradition and social norms. Efforts to end FGM in India require a multifaceted approach, including community engagement, education, legal reform, and support for affected women and girls.