Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus

Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus[edit | edit source]

The Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious and economically significant virus that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, and pigs. It is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae.

Characteristics[edit | edit source]

FMDV is a small, non-enveloped virus with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. The virus is approximately 30 nm in diameter and contains a single molecule of RNA, which encodes a single large polyprotein. This polyprotein is subsequently cleaved into individual viral proteins by viral proteases.

Transmission and Spread[edit | edit source]

FMDV is primarily spread through direct contact between infected and susceptible animals. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, or fomites. Airborne transmission is possible over short distances, particularly in cool and humid conditions.

Clinical Signs[edit | edit source]

Clinical signs of FMDV infection include fever, decreased appetite, and the development of vesicles (blisters) in the mouth and on the feet. These vesicles rupture, leading to painful ulcers and lameness. In severe cases, heart disease can occur, particularly in young animals.

Diagnosis and Control[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of FMDV is based on clinical signs, laboratory testing, and epidemiological information. Control measures include quarantine and slaughter of infected and susceptible animals, movement restrictions, and disinfection of contaminated premises.

Vaccination[edit | edit source]

Vaccination can be used as a control measure in endemic areas or during outbreaks. However, the effectiveness of vaccination depends on the match between the vaccine strain and the circulating virus strain.