Hawaiian sovereignty movement

File:Hui Aloha

The Hawaiian sovereignty movement is a political and cultural campaign seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii. The movement encompasses a range of goals, from complete independence from the United States to various forms of self-governance and increased autonomy within the U.S. framework.

Historical Background

The roots of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement can be traced back to the late 19th century. In 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown by a group of American and European businessmen, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed by the United States through the Newlands Resolution, and it became a U.S. territory in 1900. Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state of the United States in 1959.

Key Events

• 1893 Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii: The overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani marked a significant turning point in Hawaiian history. The monarchy was replaced by a provisional government composed largely of American and European settlers.
• 1898 Annexation: The annexation of Hawaii by the United States was formalized through the Newlands Resolution, despite opposition from many Native Hawaiians.
• 1959 Statehood: Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States, a move that was supported by a majority of residents but opposed by some Native Hawaiian groups.

Modern Movement

The modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement gained momentum in the 1970s, influenced by the broader Civil Rights Movement and the Native American self-determination movement. Key organizations and events include:

• Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA): Established in 1978, OHA is a semi-autonomous state agency responsible for improving the well-being of Native Hawaiians.
• Ka Lāhui Hawaii: Founded in 1987, this organization advocates for Native Hawaiian self-governance and has proposed a model for a Native Hawaiian nation.
• Apology Resolution: In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution formally apologizing for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

Goals and Objectives

The goals of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement vary among different groups and individuals. Some of the primary objectives include:

• Full Independence: Some activists seek complete independence from the United States and the restoration of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
• Federal Recognition: Others advocate for federal recognition of Native Hawaiians as a distinct political entity, similar to the status of Native American tribes.
• Increased Autonomy: Some groups seek greater self-governance and control over land, resources, and cultural practices within the framework of the U.S. state of Hawaii.

Challenges and Controversies

The movement faces several challenges, including:

• Legal and Political Obstacles: Achieving any form of sovereignty requires navigating complex legal and political processes.
• Diverse Opinions: There is no single, unified vision for Hawaiian sovereignty, leading to differing opinions and strategies among activists.
• Economic Considerations: The economic implications of sovereignty, including the potential impact on tourism and federal funding, are a significant concern.

See Also

• Kingdom of Hawaii
• Liliʻuokalani
• Office of Hawaiian Affairs
• Ka Lāhui Hawaii
• Apology Resolution
• Native American self-determination