List of natural satellites

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Moons vs time

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Phobos colour 2008

Deimos-MRO

List of Natural Satellites

The List of Natural Satellites encompasses the various moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets in our Solar System and beyond. Natural satellites, commonly referred to as moons, vary widely in size, composition, and orbit. This article provides an overview of the notable natural satellites within our Solar System, highlighting their characteristics, the planets they orbit, and their significance in astronomy and space exploration.

Overview

Natural satellites are celestial bodies that orbit planets or dwarf planets. The formation of these satellites can occur through several processes, including accretion from the material surrounding a planet, capture of a passing object by a planet's gravitational field, or the result of a large-scale impact event. The study of natural satellites contributes significantly to our understanding of planetary formation, dynamics, and the conditions necessary for life.

Major Natural Satellites in the Solar System

The Solar System's planets and dwarf planets host over 200 known natural satellites. These range from small, irregularly shaped bodies to large, planet-like moons such as Ganymede and Titan, which are larger than the planet Mercury.

Earth

• Moon: Earth's only natural satellite, the Moon, plays a crucial role in influencing Earth's tides, climate, and the evolution of life. It is the fifth-largest moon in the Solar System and the only one visited by humans.

Mars

• Phobos: The larger and closer of Mars' two moons, Phobos is gradually spiraling inward and may either crash into Mars or break apart into a ring system in the distant future.
• Deimos: The smaller and more distant of the two, Deimos, has a smoother appearance and takes about 30 hours to orbit Mars.

Jupiter

Jupiter has 79 known moons, with the four largest known as the Galilean moons:

• Io: The most volcanically active body in the Solar System, Io is covered with sulfur in various colorful forms.
• Europa: Believed to have a subsurface ocean, Europa is a prime candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life.
• Ganymede: The largest moon in the Solar System, Ganymede is the only moon known to have its own magnetic field.
• Callisto: A heavily cratered moon, Callisto is believed to have an underground ocean and represents the most distant of the Galilean moons.

Saturn

Saturn has 82 known moons, with Titan being the largest:

• Titan: Larger than the planet Mercury, Titan has a thick atmosphere and is the only moon in the Solar System with clear evidence of liquid on its surface.
• Enceladus: Notable for its geysers ejecting water vapor and ice, Enceladus is another moon where life could potentially exist.

Uranus

Uranus has 27 known moons, with Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon being the major ones. These moons are composed of ice and rock, with Miranda showcasing one of the most extreme topographies in the Solar System.

Neptune

Neptune has 14 known moons, with Triton being the largest and most notable. Triton is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit, indicating it was likely captured by Neptune's gravity.

Dwarf Planets

• Pluto: Pluto's largest moon, Charon, is so large relative to Pluto that they are sometimes considered a double dwarf planet system. Pluto has four other known moons: Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx.
• Other dwarf planets like Haumea, Eris, and Makemake also have natural satellites, though they are significantly smaller than those orbiting the major planets.

Significance

The study of natural satellites provides valuable insights into the history and evolution of the Solar System. Moons like Europa and Enceladus are of particular interest due to their potential to host life, while others, such as Titan, offer unique environments for future exploration.