Lysophosphatidic acid

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that acts as a cell signaling molecule in the body. It is produced by several types of cells, including platelets, adipocytes, and neurons. LPA can act on six known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are named LPA1 to LPA6.

Production and Metabolism

LPA is produced from lysophospholipids by the enzyme autotaxin, also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2). Autotaxin is secreted by many types of cells and can function both inside and outside of the cell.

LPA is metabolized by several enzymes, including lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), which dephosphorylate LPA to monoglyceride, and lysophospholipases, which hydrolyze LPA to glycerol phosphate.

Functions

LPA has a wide range of biological functions. It is involved in cell proliferation, cell migration, neuronal signaling, immune response, and blood clotting. LPA can also stimulate the production of cytokines and growth factors, and it can induce cell differentiation and apoptosis.

Role in Disease

Abnormal levels of LPA have been associated with several diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and neuropathic pain. In cancer, high levels of LPA can promote tumor growth and metastasis. In fibrosis, LPA can stimulate the production of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins. In atherosclerosis, LPA can induce inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. In neuropathic pain, LPA can sensitize nociceptors and induce hyperalgesia.

See Also

• Phospholipid
• Cell signaling
• G protein-coupled receptor
• Autotaxin
• Lipid phosphate phosphatases
• Lysophospholipase

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