Malpighiaceae

Starr 080117-1999 Galphimia gracilis

Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales, named after the 17th-century Italian biologist Marcello Malpighi. It is a large family, encompassing around 75 genera and approximately 1300 species. The family is predominantly tropical, with a few species extending into temperate regions. Members of this family are diverse in their habitats and can be found in forest, savannah, and shrubland environments across the world, particularly in South America and Africa.

Characteristics

Plants in the Malpighiaceae family are mostly shrubs, vines, and small to medium-sized trees. They are well-known for their intricate and often brightly colored flowers, which have a distinctive arrangement of petals and reproductive parts that are unique to this family. The flowers typically have five petals, with the upper petal being different in shape or size from the others, a feature that aids in the identification of the family. The presence of oil-producing glands, called elaiosomes, on the seeds or fruit is another characteristic feature. These glands attract ants, which help in seed dispersal, a mutualistic relationship known as myrmecochory.

Ecology

The ecological roles of Malpighiaceae species are varied. They are important components of their ecosystems, providing food and habitat for a wide range of animals. The flowers are pollinated by insects, particularly bees, which are attracted to the nectar and oil produced by the plants. Some species have co-evolved with specific pollinators, leading to highly specialized pollination mechanisms. The fruits of many Malpighiaceae species are consumed by birds and mammals, aiding in seed dispersal.

Economic Importance

While the Malpighiaceae family is not among the most economically significant plant families, some of its members have local or specialized uses. Certain species are used in traditional medicine in various cultures. The colorful flowers and attractive growth habits of some Malpighiaceae make them desirable as ornamental plants in tropical and subtropical gardens.

Genera and Species

Among the notable genera in the Malpighiaceae family are Byrsonima, Heteropterys, and Malpighia. Malpighia emarginata, commonly known as the Barbados Cherry, is one of the few species with significant economic value, cultivated for its vitamin C-rich fruits. Byrsonima crassifolia is used in traditional medicine and also has edible fruits.

Conservation

The conservation status of Malpighiaceae species varies widely. While many species are common and not considered at risk, others are threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation. Conservation efforts for the family focus on habitat preservation and the protection of specific species that are under threat.