Sinus surgery

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Infobox Medical Procedure
Name	Sinus surgery
ICD	[[International Classification of Diseases|]]
ICD-9-CM	[[ICD-9-CM|]]
MeSH	[[Medical Subject Headings|]]
OPS-301 code
MedlinePlus	[[MedlinePlus|]]
eMedicine	[[eMedicine|]]
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Specialty	[[]]
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Sinus surgery refers to a group of surgical procedures performed to treat various conditions affecting the sinuses. The sinuses are air-filled cavities located within the bones of the skull, and they are connected to the nasal passages. Sinus surgery is typically performed by an otorhinolaryngologist, also known as an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

Indications

Sinus surgery may be recommended for individuals who experience chronic or recurrent sinusitis, which is the inflammation of the sinuses. Chronic sinusitis is characterized by symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, headache, and reduced sense of smell. Other indications for sinus surgery include nasal polyps, sinus tumors, and structural abnormalities of the sinuses that obstruct normal drainage.

Types of Sinus Surgery

There are several types of sinus surgery, each tailored to address specific conditions and anatomical variations. The most common types include:

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)

Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is a minimally invasive procedure that uses an endoscope to visualize and access the sinuses. It involves removing obstructions, such as polyps or diseased tissue, and widening the natural drainage pathways of the sinuses. FESS is often performed under general anesthesia and has a high success rate in relieving symptoms of chronic sinusitis.

Balloon Sinuplasty

Balloon Sinuplasty is a newer technique that utilizes a small balloon catheter to dilate the sinus openings. The balloon is inserted into the blocked sinus passage and inflated, which widens the opening and restores normal drainage. This procedure is less invasive than traditional sinus surgery and can be performed in an office setting under local anesthesia.

Image-guided Sinus Surgery

Image-guided Sinus Surgery involves the use of real-time imaging technology, such as CT scans, to provide precise navigation during the procedure. This technique allows the surgeon to accurately locate and remove diseased tissue or polyps while minimizing damage to surrounding structures.

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is a general term that encompasses various surgical techniques performed using an endoscope. It allows for direct visualization of the sinuses and enables the surgeon to remove obstructions, drain fluids, and correct structural abnormalities.

Procedure

Sinus surgery is typically performed under general anesthesia, although some less invasive procedures may be done under local anesthesia. The surgeon inserts an endoscope into the nasal passages to visualize the sinuses and identify any abnormalities. Using specialized instruments, the surgeon then removes obstructions, such as polyps or diseased tissue, and widens the sinus openings to improve drainage. In some cases, additional procedures, such as septoplasty (correction of a deviated nasal septum) or turbinate reduction (reduction of enlarged nasal turbinates), may be performed concurrently to optimize the outcome.

Recovery and Complications

After sinus surgery, patients may experience mild to moderate discomfort, nasal congestion, and drainage of blood or mucus for a few days. Pain medication and nasal saline rinses are often prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Most individuals can resume normal activities within a week, although strenuous exercise and heavy lifting should be avoided for a few weeks.

Complications of sinus surgery are rare but can include bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding structures, and recurrence of symptoms. It is important for patients to closely follow post-operative instructions and attend follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and monitor for any complications.