Spelter

Site of Tindale spelter works - geograph.org.uk - 1539906

Post medieval - Modern Commemorative medal of Victoria (FindID 610314)

Spelter refers to either a metallic zinc or an alloy consisting primarily of zinc mixed with small quantities of other metals. Historically, the term was often used to describe zinc in its metallic form, especially when used for galvanization or as an alloying component. In modern contexts, spelter can specifically denote the zinc produced by distillation process, which is used in various industrial and manufacturing applications.

History

The use of spelter dates back to ancient times, with early applications primarily focused on the creation of brass, an alloy of copper and zinc. The process of creating brass by mixing copper with calamine (a zinc ore) inadvertently produced metallic zinc, or spelter. However, the distinct recognition and extraction of zinc as a separate metal did not occur until the 12th century in India and much later in Europe.

Production

The production of spelter involves the extraction of zinc from its ores, a process that has evolved significantly over time. Historically, zinc ores were heated in air to produce zinc oxide, which was then reduced by carbon to produce metallic zinc. This method, known as distillation, was laborious and inefficient. Modern production techniques, such as electrolysis and smelting in high-temperature furnaces, have greatly improved the efficiency and yield of zinc production.

Applications

Spelter, due to its anti-corrosive properties, is extensively used in galvanization processes, where a protective layer of zinc is applied to iron or steel to prevent rusting. Additionally, spelter serves as an important alloying element in the production of brass and other metal alloys, where it contributes to the material's strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. In die casting, spelter is valued for its low melting point and ease of casting.

Health and Safety

Handling spelter, particularly in the form of dust or fumes, can pose health risks. Inhalation of zinc oxide fumes, which can be produced during the melting or welding of zinc-coated materials, can lead to metal fume fever, a condition characterized by flu-like symptoms. Proper ventilation and the use of protective equipment are essential safety measures in environments where spelter is processed or used.

Environmental Impact

The production and processing of spelter can have environmental impacts, particularly in terms of energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases during the smelting process. Additionally, the mining of zinc ores can lead to habitat destruction and soil and water contamination. Efforts to recycle zinc and improve the efficiency of zinc production processes are ongoing to mitigate these environmental concerns.

Spelter Resources
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