United Nations peacekeeping

Emblem of the United Nations

Sqn Ldr Rista Binte Siddique, Officer-in-Charge of the Emergency Crash and Rescue Section of MONUSCO Force, in Bunia, Ituri

Guard of Honour during UN Medal Awarding Parade at Bunia

UN battalion Bastille Day 2008 n2

East timor independence un2

Total size of United Nations peacekeeping forces, OWID

United Nations Peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the United Nations (UN) to help countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace. It is distinguished from both peacebuilding and peacemaking by its specific aim to provide support to fragile states and to help protect civilians in conflict zones. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed on the basis of mandates from the United Nations Security Council.

History

The concept of UN peacekeeping was not originally included in the founding United Nations Charter. The practice began in 1948 with the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East and the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). These missions were primarily tasked with observing ceasefires and stabilizing areas after hostilities. Over the decades, the scope of peacekeeping has expanded to include more complex mandates such as disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants, election support, and the protection of civilians.

Principles

Three core principles guide UN peacekeeping operations:

• Consent of the parties: Peacekeeping operations are deployed only with the consent of the main parties to the conflict.
• Impartiality: Peacekeepers must not favor any side of the conflict while carrying out their duties.
• Non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate: Peacekeepers are authorized to use force only in specific circumstances, primarily for self-protection and protecting civilians under imminent threat.

Operations

As of the date of this writing, the UN has deployed over 70 peacekeeping operations worldwide. These range from large-scale deployments such as those in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and South Sudan (UNMISS), to smaller observer missions. The success of these operations varies, with some being hailed for their contributions to peace and stability, while others have faced criticism for their effectiveness and incidents involving peacekeepers.

Challenges

UN peacekeeping faces numerous challenges, including political constraints, funding shortages, and the complexities of modern conflicts. The safety and security of peacekeepers is a significant concern, with many operations deployed in increasingly dangerous environments. Additionally, there have been instances of misconduct by peacekeepers, including allegations of sexual abuse and exploitation, which have led to widespread criticism and calls for reform.

Reform and the Future

In response to these challenges, the UN has undertaken various reform efforts aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. These include the "Action for Peacekeeping" (A4P) initiative, which focuses on enhancing the performance of peacekeeping missions, improving the safety and security of peacekeepers, and securing political solutions to conflicts.

Conclusion

UN peacekeeping remains a vital tool in the international community's efforts to manage and resolve conflicts around the world. Despite its challenges, it continues to evolve and adapt to the changing nature of global conflicts, striving to protect civilians and assist countries on the path to peace.