Xanthines

Xanthines are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma symptoms. They also stimulate the respiratory system, and are used for treatment of apnea and COPD. They can also relax smooth muscle, which makes them medically useful for alleviating certain symptoms of asthma and for increasing blood pressure.

Chemistry

Xanthines are purine base derivatives. They are closely related chemically to uric acid. Most xanthines are colorless, crystalline substances that are soluble in water.

Pharmacology

Xanthines act as both bronchodilators and vasodilators. They inhibit phosphodiesterase, leading to an increase in cAMP and greater activation of PKA. This leads to increased ACh release at the neuromuscular junction.

Medical uses

Xanthines are used in the treatment of asthma, COPD, and apnea. They can also be used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.

Side effects

Common side effects of xanthines include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. They can also cause insomnia and restlessness.

See also

• Theophylline
• Caffeine
• Theobromine

Xanthines Resources
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