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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot get rid of HIV completely, even with treatment. Therefore, once someone has HIV, they have it for life.

Overview

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, breast milk, and pre-seminal fluid. The virus does not survive long outside the human body, so it cannot be transmitted through casual contact such as kissing, sharing utensils, or hugging. The most common ways HIV is spread are through unprotected sex, sharing needles for drug use, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.

Symptoms and Stages

HIV progresses in three stages if not treated:

1. Acute HIV Infection: This is the first stage of HIV and can produce flu-like symptoms within 2 to 4 weeks after the virus has been contracted. However, not everyone develops these symptoms.

2. Chronic HIV Infection: Also known as asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency, this stage can last a decade or longer without treatment. Individuals may not have any symptoms but can still transmit the virus.

3. AIDS: The final stage of HIV infection, where the immune system is severely damaged. People with AIDS can have a high viral load and may experience opportunistic infections or cancers that the body would normally be able to fight off.

Prevention and Treatment

Prevention methods include using condoms during sex, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Treatment involves taking antiretroviral therapy (ART), which, although not a cure, can control the virus and prevent onward transmission to other people.

Diagnosis

HIV is diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing the virus and maintaining a high quality of life.

Impact

HIV/AIDS has had a significant impact globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the majority of people with HIV/AIDS live. Efforts to increase access to treatment and reduce stigma around the virus are ongoing.

See Also

• AIDS pandemic
• Antiretroviral therapy
• Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• HIV/AIDS in Africa
• Prevention of HIV/AIDS

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