Evolution of the human oral microbiome

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Evolution of the Human Oral Microbiome

The evolution of the human oral microbiome refers to the changes and adaptations in the community of microorganisms residing in the human mouth over time. This microbiome includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms that play a crucial role in oral health and disease.

Early Human Ancestors

The oral microbiome of early human ancestors, such as Australopithecus and early species of Homo, was likely influenced by their diet, environment, and lifestyle. These early hominins primarily consumed a diet rich in plant material, which would have shaped the composition of their oral microbiota.

Agricultural Revolution

The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural one had a significant impact on the human oral microbiome. The introduction of agriculture led to a diet high in carbohydrates and sugars, which contributed to an increase in oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. This shift is evident in the fossil record, where an increase in dental pathologies is observed in populations that adopted agriculture.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought about further changes in the human diet, with an increase in processed foods and refined sugars. This period saw a rise in oral health issues, as the oral microbiome adapted to the new dietary conditions. The use of antibiotics and improved oral hygiene practices also began to influence the composition of the oral microbiome.

Modern Era

In the modern era, the human oral microbiome continues to evolve due to factors such as diet, lifestyle, and medical interventions. The widespread use of antibiotics, changes in diet, and improved dental care have all contributed to the current state of the oral microbiome. Research into the human oral microbiome has increased, with studies focusing on its role in both oral and systemic health.

Health Implications

The composition of the oral microbiome is closely linked to various oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Additionally, there is growing evidence that the oral microbiome may influence systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections.

Future Research

Future research into the human oral microbiome aims to better understand its role in health and disease, as well as to develop targeted therapies to modulate the microbiome for improved health outcomes. Advances in metagenomics and other molecular techniques are expected to provide deeper insights into the complexity and dynamics of the oral microbiome.

See Also

• Microbiome
• Oral health
• Dental caries
• Periodontal disease
• Human evolution

References

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