Vermilion

Tizian 041

Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children

Scarlet Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) male, Pantanal, Brazil 2

Red tikka powder

Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion) is a brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and is also the name given to the resulting color. It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor in India, and in the art and lacquerware of China.

History and Usage

The use of vermilion as a color dates back to prehistoric times. Vermilion has been a color used in art, decoration, and cosmetics for thousands of years. In Ancient Egypt, it was used as a cosmetic and a pigment for painting. The Romans, who called it minium, used it for the frescoes in Pompeii and for the illuminated manuscripts during the Middle Ages. In China, vermilion was exclusively reserved for the use of the Emperor and his court.

The production of vermilion involves the grinding of natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. In ancient times, the powder was mixed with a binder to form the pigment, which could then be used in frescoes and oil paintings. The synthetic production of vermilion, which began in the 19th century, involves the combination of sulfur and mercury. Despite its vibrant color, the toxicity of mercury has led to a decline in the use of vermilion.

Characteristics

Vermilion is known for its brilliant red hue, which can vary from bright scarlet to a reddish-orange depending on how it is processed and the specific proportions of mercury and sulfur used. It is highly opaque, which makes it a valuable pigment in covering power and in creating a deep, rich red in paintings and other artworks.

Health and Safety

The primary component of vermilion, mercury, is highly toxic. The use of vermilion in art and other applications has decreased due to the health risks associated with mercury exposure. Symptoms of mercury poisoning include tremors, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular effects, headaches, and cognitive and motor dysfunction. Today, many artists and manufacturers opt for non-toxic alternatives or use vermilion sparingly with appropriate safety measures.

Cultural Significance

Vermilion has held significant cultural, spiritual, and symbolic meanings in various cultures. In Hinduism, vermilion is used in the sindoor, a traditional red or orange-red colored cosmetic powder worn by married women along the part of their hair. In China, vermilion is associated with life and eternity, which is why it was used in the decoration of the Forbidden City and in traditional Chinese lacquerware.

Modern Alternatives

Due to the toxicity of mercury and the environmental impact of its mining and production, alternatives to vermilion have been developed. These include organic pigments and dyes that mimic the color of vermilion without the associated health risks. These alternatives are widely used in art, cosmetics, and industrial applications where a bright red color is desired.