Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid is a compound that is found in nature and is also produced synthetically. It is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals. Fumaric acid is also used in food and beverage products as a food acidulant.
Chemical Structure and Properties[edit | edit source]
Fumaric acid is a white crystalline compound and is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. The chemical formula of fumaric acid is C4H4O4.
Natural Occurrence[edit | edit source]
Fumaric acid occurs naturally in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss. Fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, produce fumaric acid naturally as well.
Industrial Production[edit | edit source]
Fumaric acid is produced industrially from maleic acid, which in turn is produced from maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane.
Uses[edit | edit source]
Fumaric acid has several uses in various industries. In the food and beverage industry, it is used as a food acidulant. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to produce antibiotics and other drugs. In the chemical industry, it is used to manufacture polyester resins, alkyd resins, and as a starting material for the production of plasticizers.
Health Effects[edit | edit source]
Fumaric acid is generally considered safe for consumption. However, high levels of consumption can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps.
See Also[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD