Keratinization

Keratinization is a biological process that occurs in epithelial cells where keratin protein is produced. This process is essential for the formation of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, and other tissues. Keratinization is also involved in the formation of hair, nails, and the outer layer of teeth.

Process

Keratinization begins in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. Here, new cells are produced and begin their journey to the surface of the skin. As they move upwards, they start to fill with keratin, a tough, fibrous protein. This process is known as keratinization.

Once the cells reach the surface, they are fully keratinized and form a protective barrier against environmental damage. This barrier is constantly being shed and replaced by new cells from below.

Function

The primary function of keratinization is to provide a protective barrier against physical damage, water loss, and infection. Keratinized cells are tough and water-resistant, making them ideal for this role.

In addition to the skin, keratinization also occurs in the hair and nails, providing them with their strength and resilience. In the teeth, keratinization of the enamel helps to protect against decay.

Disorders

Disorders of keratinization can lead to a variety of skin conditions. These include ichthyosis, a group of genetic skin disorders characterized by dry, scaly skin, and psoriasis, a chronic skin condition that causes red, flaky patches of skin.

Other disorders include keratosis pilaris, a condition that causes small, hard bumps on the skin, and palmoplantar keratoderma, a group of skin disorders characterized by thickening of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

See also

• Epidermis (skin)
• Keratin
• Skin

Keratinization Resources
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