Oral contraceptive

Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, are a type of hormonal contraception used to prevent pregnancy. They are one of the most popular methods of birth control worldwide.

History

The development of oral contraceptives began in the 1950s with the work of Gregory Pincus, a biologist who was able to synthesize a hormone that could prevent ovulation. The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by the FDA in 1960.

Types

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and progestin-only pills (POPs). COCs contain both estrogen and a progestin, while POPs contain only a progestin.

Combined Oral Contraceptives

COCs are the most commonly used type of oral contraceptive. They work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent a fertilized egg from implanting.

Progestin-Only Pills

POPs are used by women who cannot take estrogen for health reasons. They work primarily by thickening cervical mucus and thinning the uterine lining, but may also suppress ovulation in some users.

Effectiveness

When used correctly, oral contraceptives are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, their effectiveness can be reduced by user error, such as missing pills, or by certain medications or supplements.

Side Effects

Common side effects of oral contraceptives include nausea, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual bleeding. Serious side effects are rare, but can include blood clots, stroke, and heart attack.

Controversies

Oral contraceptives have been the subject of numerous controversies, including debates over their safety, their impact on women's health and rights, and their role in society.

See Also

• Emergency contraception
• IUD
• Condom
• Tubal ligation

• Birth control
• Contraception
• Dictionary of birth control
• Reproductive health