File:Immune checkpoints in the tumour microenvironment.svg
From WikiMD's WELLNESSPEDIA
Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 512 × 390 pixels. Other resolution: 2,560 × 1,950 pixels.
Original file (SVG file, nominally 512 × 390 pixels, file size: 1,018 KB)
Summary[edit]
| Summary | |
|---|---|
| Description | Effector T cells infiltrating the tumour can become repressed due to the activation of immune checkpoints. The targeting of PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint pathways with specific antibodies is a promising therapeutic approach. In the tumour microenvironment, these pathways can be activated by the following mechanisms. a PD-1 receptor binding to its ligand PD-L1 leads to effector T-cell repression. PD-L1 can be expressed on the surface of cancer cells, MDSCs, DCs, and macrophages, and in these cells, it is directly transactivated by HIF in hypoxia. b Binding of interferon γ secreted by active effector T cells to its receptor on cancer cells results in activation of PD-L1 gene expression and subsequent T-cell repression. c PD-L1 gene expression can be constantly upregulated in cancer cells because of oncogenic mutations and signalling alteration, which leads to effector T cell repression upon interaction with this type of tumour cell. d Antigen-presenting cells express CD80 and CD86 ligands. Upon CD80/86 binding to CTLA-4 receptor on T cells, they become functionally repressed. Hypoxia was shown to induce CTLA-4 expression in T-cells, which potentially could contribute to their repression in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Teff effector T-cell, MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cell, DC dendritic cell, IFNγ interferon gamma, IFN-γ R interferon gamma receptor, APC antigen-presenting cell [1] |
| Source | Wikimedia Commons file page |
| Author | Varvara Petrova, Margherita Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, Gerry Melino & Ivano Amelio |
| Permission | See original Commons license details. |
Licensing[edit]
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
You may share and adapt the material provided appropriate attribution is given.
Official license: CC BY 4.0
License page: CC BY 4.0
Original attribution and file history: Wikimedia Commons
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
| Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| current | 03:32, 5 June 2026 | | 512 × 390 (1,018 KB) | Maintenance script (talk | contribs) | == Summary == Importing file |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage
The following page uses this file:
