Chittagong

Eastern Lower Bengal and Chittagong with Arakan

Dutch VOC ships in Chittagong or Arakan

James George - Chittagong, Figures washing (1822) 13083

James George - View at Chittagong, 1819–1820

Moored boats from Arakan or Chittagong

Chittagong is a major coastal city and financial centre in southeastern Bangladesh. It is the second-largest city in the country and serves as the capital of the Chittagong Division. The city is located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Bay of Bengal and the Himalayas, giving it a strategic position for trade and commerce. Chittagong is known for its diverse ethnic communities, rich cultural heritage, and historical significance, which dates back to the 4th century BCE.

History

The area of Chittagong has been settled since ancient times, with its history intertwined with the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism, maritime trade, and the influence of various empires and dynasties such as the Mauryans, the Guptas, and the Palas. In the 9th century, it became an important part of the Bengal Sultanate following the Islamic conquest. The city's strategic port attracted European traders in the 16th century, including the Portuguese, who named it Porto Grande de Bengala. It was later controlled by the Mughal Empire, under whom it flourished as a regional economic hub. The British East India Company took over the city in the late 18th century, marking the beginning of British colonial rule.

Geography and Climate

Chittagong is situated in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, with a diverse landscape that includes rivers, hills, and beaches. The city experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and relatively dry winters. The geographical diversity of the region supports a rich variety of flora and fauna, contributing to its scenic beauty and making it a popular tourist destination.

Economy

The economy of Chittagong is one of the most diversified in Bangladesh, with the Chittagong Port being the principal driver of regional growth. It is the busiest seaport on the Bay of Bengal and the third busiest in South Asia, facilitating the bulk of Bangladesh's export-import trade. The city's economy also benefits from the presence of the Chittagong Stock Exchange, numerous industrial zones, and a thriving shipbuilding industry. Additionally, tourism, retail, and services sectors play significant roles in its economic landscape.

Culture

Chittagong is celebrated for its cultural diversity, with a mix of Bengali, tribal, and colonial influences. The city hosts various cultural festivals, including the Bengali New Year celebration, and is known for its distinct culinary traditions, handicrafts, and performing arts. The presence of many historical sites, such as the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Patenga Beach, adds to its cultural richness.

Education

The city is an educational hub in southeastern Bangladesh, hosting several prestigious institutions. These include the University of Chittagong, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, and Chittagong Medical College. These institutions play a crucial role in the region's development by providing advanced education and research opportunities in various fields.

Transport

Chittagong is well-connected by road, rail, and air. The Shah Amanat International Airport serves as the main gateway for international and domestic flights. The city's infrastructure supports a comprehensive network of buses, trains, and waterways that facilitate movement within the city and to other parts of the country.

Challenges

Despite its economic and cultural significance, Chittagong faces several challenges, including urban congestion, environmental pollution, and the impacts of climate change. Efforts are ongoing to address these issues through infrastructure development, environmental conservation, and sustainable urban planning.