Peptic ulcers

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), commonly known as peptic ulcers, is a condition characterized by the formation of ulcers in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. Ulcers form when there is an imbalance between digestive acids and the protective mechanisms of the stomach or duodenum's lining. This article provides an overview of peptic ulcers, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Causes

Peptic ulcers are primarily caused by:

• Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
• Prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin
• Other less common causes include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and the use of certain other medications.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of peptic ulcers include:

• Burning stomach pain
• Feeling of fullness, bloating, or belching
• Intolerance to fatty foods
• Heartburn
• Nausea

The severity of the symptoms can vary and some ulcers may be asymptomatic.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of peptic ulcers involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, which may include:

• Endoscopy: A procedure to visually examine the inside of the stomach
• Tests for H. pylori infection: These may include blood tests, stool tests, or breath tests
• Imaging tests: Such as barium swallow X-rays

Treatment

Treatment for peptic ulcers depends on the cause and may include:

• Antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid production
• H2-receptor antagonists to reduce stomach acid
• Antacids and other medications to help relieve symptoms and promote healing
• In severe cases, surgery may be required

Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and avoiding NSAIDs, can also help manage and prevent peptic ulcers.

Prevention

Preventive measures for peptic ulcers include:

• Avoiding the overuse of NSAIDs
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Quitting smoking
• Washing hands regularly and properly to avoid infections

See also

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Stomach cancer
• Helicobacter pylori

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