ADCY5-related dyskinesia
Alternate names[edit | edit source]
Dyskinesia, familial, with facial myokymia; FDFM; Familial dyskinesia and facial myokymia
Definition[edit | edit source]
ADCY5-related dyskinesia is a movement disorder that is characterized by several different types of involuntary movements.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
At least 400 people have been diagnosed with ADCY5-related dyskinesia, but its prevalence is unknown. The disorder is thought to be underdiagnosed because its features can resemble those of other conditions such as cerebral palsy or epilepsy.
Cause[edit | edit source]
- ADCY5-related dyskinesia is caused by mutations in the ADCY5 gene.
- This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called adenylate cyclase 5.
- This enzyme helps convert a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to another molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
- ATP is a molecule that supplies energy for cells' activities, including muscle contraction, and cAMP is involved in signaling for many cellular functions.
Gene mutations[edit | edit source]
- Some ADCY5 gene mutations that cause ADCY5-related dyskinesia are thought to increase adenylate cyclase 5 enzyme activity and the level of cAMP within cells.
- Others prevent production of adenylate cyclase 5.
- It is unclear how either type of mutation leads to the abnormal movements that occur in this disorder.
Inheritance[edit | edit source]
- This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
- In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent.
- Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]
- Affected people generally develop sudden jerks, twitches, tremors, muscle tensing, and/or writhing movements between infancy and late adolescence.
- These abnormal movements are often continuous during waking hours and may persist during sleep, resulting in disrupted sleep cycles.
- The arms, legs, neck and face are most commonly involved.
- Hypotonia and delayed motor milestones (i.e. crawling, walking) may also be present in more severely affected infants.
Clinical presentation[edit | edit source]
For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed.
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
- Facial myokymia(Involuntary facial quivering)
- Orofacial dyskinesia
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
- Chorea
- Difficulty walking(Difficulty in walking)
- Dysarthria(Difficulty articulating speech)
- Dystonia
- Limb hypertonia(Increased muscle tone of arm or leg)
- Muscular hypotonia of the trunk(Low muscle tone in trunk)
- Myoclonus
- Resting tremor(Tremor at rest)
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
- Congestive heart failure(Cardiac failure)
- Delayed gross motor development(Delayed motor skills)
- Dilated cardiomyopathy(Stretched and thinned heart muscle)
- Hyperreflexia(Increased reflexes)
- Motor delay
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
The diagnosis of of this condition is done in a proband with a hyperkinetic movement disorder (in the absence of structural brain abnormalities) and a heterozygous pathogenic variant of ADCY5 identified by molecular genetic testing.[1][1].
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person and may include medications, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Hisama FM, Friedman J, Raskind WH, et al. ADCY5 Dyskinesia. 2014 Dec 18 [Updated 2020 Jul 30]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK263441/
NIH genetic and rare disease info[edit source]
ADCY5-related dyskinesia is a rare disease.
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