Golden poison frog

Golden Poison Frog (Phyllobates terribilis), also known as the golden frog, golden poison arrow frog, or golden dart frog, is a species of poison dart frog endemic to the rainforests of the Pacific coast of Colombia. It is renowned for being one of the most toxic animals on Earth. The indigenous Emberá people of Colombia have used its powerful venom for centuries to coat the tips of their blow darts for hunting, hence the name "poison arrow frog".

Description

The Golden Poison Frog is small, with adults typically reaching sizes of 55mm in length. They exhibit a bright yellow-gold color, although some individuals may appear more orange depending on geographic location and genetic factors. This vibrant coloration is a form of aposematism, a biological phenomenon where the toxicity of an animal is advertised through bright and distinctive markings to deter potential predators.

Habitat and Distribution

Phyllobates terribilis is native to the Pacific coast of Colombia, specifically in the Chocó rainforest region. It prefers humid environments and is commonly found in the understorey layer of the rainforest, near streams and rivers. The species' habitat is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation, which poses a risk to its survival.

Toxicity

The Golden Poison Frog's skin secretes a potent toxin known as batrachotoxin, which can cause heart failure, paralysis, and death in predators and humans alike. The toxicity of a single frog is said to be enough to kill 10 to 20 humans or approximately 10,000 mice. The mechanism of toxicity involves the blocking of sodium channels in the muscles and nerves, leading to heart and respiratory failure. Despite their toxicity, Golden Poison Frogs are not dangerous to humans unless the skin is touched or the toxin is ingested.

Conservation Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Golden Poison Frog as Endangered. The primary threats to its survival include habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, logging, and the illegal pet trade. Conservation efforts are focused on habitat preservation and the establishment of protected areas within its native range.

Cultural Significance

The indigenous Emberá people have a long history of using the Golden Poison Frog's toxin for hunting. The frogs are carefully handled and the tips of darts or arrows are coated with the toxin for use in blowguns. This practice highlights the deep knowledge indigenous communities have of their natural environment and the species with which they coexist.

See Also

• Poison Dart Frog
• Aposematism
• Batrachotoxin
• Endangered Species
• Indigenous Peoples of Colombia