Abo blood groups
The ABO blood grouping system is a fundamental classification of human blood types, determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma. These antigens and antibodies dictate a person's blood type and compatibility for blood transfusion. The ABO system is universally recognized as the most significant system for blood transfusion compatibility.
Understanding Blood Groups[edit | edit source]
The ABO blood grouping divides blood into four main types, determined by the presence or absence of two main antigens and antibodies. The categorization is as follows:
ABO Group | Blood Type | Antigen A | Antigen B | Anti A antibody | Anti B antibody |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | yes | no | no | yes | |
B | no | yes | yes | no | |
O | no | no | yes | yes | |
AB | yes | yes | no | no |
For instance, an individual with the A blood type has A antigens and anti-B antibodies. This system ensures safe blood transfusions, as the recipient's immune system could attack incompatible blood.
Blood Donation Screening[edit | edit source]
Ensuring the safety of both blood donors and recipients is paramount. Screening procedures are in place to minimize the risk of transfusing infectious diseases.
Donor Evaluation[edit | edit source]
Before donation, potential donors undergo a questionnaire to assess their eligibility. Those at risk of carrying transmittable diseases or who are unwell are deferred.
Testing Donated Blood[edit | edit source]
After donation, the blood undergoes multiple tests:
- Blood typing (ABO group)
- Rh typing (positive or negative)
- Screening for infectious pathogens
Infectious Disease Pathogen | Laboratory Tests Used |
---|---|
Bacterial Contamination | Bacterial culture |
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detection Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) detection |
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) detection Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) for HCV |
Human Immunodeficiency virus Types 1 and 2 (HIV) | HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody (anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2) detection Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) for HIV-1 |
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II (HTLV) | HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibody (anti-HTLV-I and anti-HTLV-II) detection |
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) | Anti-treponemal antibody detection |
West Nile virus (WNV) | Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) for WNV |
Adverse Reactions to Blood Transfusions[edit | edit source]
While the risk of an adverse reaction during a blood transfusion is low, it's vital to understand potential complications. Reactions can range from mild allergic responses to severe and life-threatening conditions.
Common Reactions[edit | edit source]
- Allergic reaction to blood transfusion: Caused by a clash between the transfused allergen and the recipient's pre-existing antibodies.
- Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR): Rapid destruction of red blood cells due to receiving an incompatible blood type.
- Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR): The body develops antibodies against transfused red blood cell antigens after 24 hours to 28 days post-transfusion.
- Delayed serologic transfusion reaction (DSTR): New antibodies against red blood cells develop within 24 hours to 28 days post-transfusion without clinical symptoms.
- Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR): Characterized by fever and/or chills without the breakdown of red blood cells.
- Hypotensive transfusion reaction: A drop in blood pressure immediately after starting the transfusion.
Rare Reactions[edit | edit source]
- Post-transfusion purpura (PTP): Rapid destruction of platelets, leading to a sharp decrease in platelet count.
- Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO): Fluid overload in the recipient's circulatory system.
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): Fluid accumulation in the lungs.
- Transfusion-associated dyspnea (TAD): Respiratory distress post-transfusion.
- Transfusion-associated graft vs. host disease (TAGVHD): Donor T-lymphocytes attack the recipient's cells, causing symptoms such as fever and rash.
- Transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI): Introduction of a pathogen through transfused blood.
Abo blood groups Resources | ||
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD