Glossary of bacteriology

This glossary provides concise definitions and explanations of key terms in the field of bacteriology, each linked for easy navigation to more detailed entries.

A

• Abditibacteriota - A recently identified phylum of bacteria.
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - A theory that explains the formation of petroleum through non-biological processes.
• Acetobacterium carbinolicum - A species known for its role in the production of acetic acid from carbon monoxide.
• Acetogen - Bacteria capable of producing acetate from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
• Acetomicrobium flavidum - A species of bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes.
• Acetomicrobium hydrogeniformans - A species known for producing hydrogen.
• Achroonema - A genus of filamentous bacteria.
• Acid-fastness - A characteristic of certain bacteria, particularly Mycobacterium species, that makes them resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.
• Acidophiles in acid mine drainage - Bacteria that thrive in acidic environments, such as those found in acid mine drainage.
• Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria - Bacteria that perform photosynthesis in the presence of oxygen without producing oxygen.
• Aliidiomarina - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in marine environments.
• Alkaliphile - Organisms that thrive in environments with a high pH level.
• Altered Schaedler flora - A defined mixture of bacterial species used in laboratory research to colonize the gut of germ-free animals.
• Alterococcus agarolyticus - A marine bacterium capable of degrading agar.
• Alterococcus - A genus of bacteria known for its role in marine environments.
• Aminiphilus - A genus of bacteria known for its ability to degrade amino acids.
• Aminivibrio - A genus of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle.
• Aminobacterium colombiense - A species of bacteria within the Aminobacterium genus.
• Aminobacterium mobile - A species known for its mobility and presence in anaerobic environments.
• Aminobacterium thunnarium - A species identified from marine environments.
• Aminobacterium - A genus of bacteria that plays a role in the nitrogen cycle.
• Aminomonas - A genus known for its role in amino acid degradation.
• Ammonifex degensii - A thermophilic bacterium that can oxidize hydrogen or reduce sulfate.
• Ammonifex thiophilus - A thermophilic bacterium known for its sulfur-reducing capabilities.
• Ammonifex - A genus of thermophilic bacteria involved in nitrogen and sulfur cycles.
• Anaeramoeba - A hypothetical genus, not directly related to bacteriology but sometimes found in discussions of microbial life forms.
• Anaerobic organism - Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth and may even be inhibited or killed by oxygen.
• Anaerobutyricum hallii - A species of bacteria known for butyrate production in the gut.
• Anaerohalosphaera - A genus of halophilic, anaerobic bacteria.
• Anaerolinea thermolimosa - A species of thermophilic, filamentous bacteria.
• Anaerolinea thermophila - A thermophilic species within the Anaerolinea genus.
• Anaerolinea - A genus of filamentous bacteria found in thermal environments.
• Anaerolineaceae - A family of filamentous bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi.
• Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans - A species known for its ability to dehalogenate environmental pollutants.
• Anaeroplasmatales - An order of bacteria within the class Mollicutes.
• Analytical profile index - A system used for the identification of bacteria based on various biochemical tests.
• Antibacterial soap - Soap containing chemical ingredients intended to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea - The phenomenon where Neisseria gonorrhoeae develops resistance to antibiotics used to treat gonorrhea.
• Aquificaceae - A family of thermophilic bacteria found in hydrothermal environments.
• Aquisphaera - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in aquatic environments.
• Archaea - A domain of single-celled microorganisms distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, often found in extreme environments.
• Archaeal virus - Viruses that infect archaeal cells.
• Ardenticatena - A genus of chain-forming bacteria.
• Arsenate-reducing bacteria - Bacteria capable of reducing arsenate to arsenite, playing a role in the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic.
• Asymmetric bacterium - Bacteria with an asymmetric cell shape or structure.
• Atribacter - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in anaerobic environments.
• Atribacterota - A recently identified phylum of anaerobic bacteria.
• Atypical bacteria - Bacteria that do not fit the typical characteristics of their group, often used to describe bacteria that lack a cell wall.
• Auramine–rhodamine stain - A fluorescent staining method used for the detection of acid-fast bacteria.
• Austin Creek - Not directly related to bacteriology; possibly a misentry or a specific environmental study location.
• Autochaperone - A part of a protein that aids in its own folding or assembly without the need for other chaperone proteins.
• Azoamicus ciliaticola - A species of bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation.

B

• Bacillus (shape) - A term describing the rod-shaped morphology of certain bacteria.
• Bacillus isolates - Strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, isolated from various environments.
• Bacillus odysseyi - A species of bacteria known for its resistance to harsh conditions, named after NASA's Odyssey spacecraft.
• Bacillus pumilus - A species of bacteria found in soil and associated with plant roots.
• Bacillus safensis - A species of bacteria originally found in spacecraft assembly facilities.
• Bacillus subtilis - A model organism in microbiology, known for its ability to form endospores.
• Bacteria - A large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms, typically a few micrometers in length, that exist in a wide range of environments.
• Bacterial anaerobic corrosion - Corrosion caused by the metabolic activities of anaerobic bacteria, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Bacterial cell structure - The complex structure of bacterial cells, which includes the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.
• Bacterial cellular morphologies - The various shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells, including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and more.
• Bacterial cellulose - A form of cellulose produced by certain bacteria, notable for its purity and strength.
• Bacterial colony optimization - An algorithm inspired by the behavior of bacterial colonies, used in computational and engineering problems.
• Bacterial evolution - The process by which bacterial species evolve over time through genetic changes and natural selection.
• Bacterial genetics - The study of heredity and variation in bacteria.
• Bacterial genome - The complete set of genetic information found in a bacterial cell.
• Bacterial gliding - A mechanism of motility in some bacteria that allows them to move across surfaces without the use of flagella.
• Bacterial glutathione transferase - Enzymes in bacteria that are involved in detoxification processes.
• Bacterial lawn - A uniform layer of bacteria grown on a culture medium, used in laboratory experiments.
• Bacterial motility - The ability of bacteria to move through their environment using mechanisms such as flagella, pili, or gliding.
• Bacterial oxidation - The process by which bacteria oxidize various substrates, often used in the context of bioremediation.
• Bacterial taxonomy - The classification, identification, and naming of bacteria.
• Bacterial therapy - The use of bacteria or bacterial products in the treatment of diseases.
• Bacterial transcription - The process by which the genetic information in bacterial DNA is transcribed into RNA.
• Bacteriocinogen - A genetic element within bacteria that codes for the production of bacteriocins, proteins that can inhibit or kill other bacteria.
• Bacteriovoracales - An order of predatory bacteria known for their ability to prey on other bacteria.
• Bacteriuria - The presence of bacteria in the urine, which can indicate a urinary tract infection.
• Bacteroides fragilis - A species of bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the human gut but can cause infection if it enters the bloodstream or tissues.
• Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron - A species of bacteria that plays a significant role in the digestion of polysaccharides in the human gut.
• Bacteroides ureolyticus - A species of bacteria that can break down urea, often associated with urinary tract infections.
• Bacteroides - A genus of Gram-negative bacteria that are prominent in the human gut microbiome.
• Balneola - A genus of bacteria found in marine environments.
• Balneolaceae - A family of bacteria within the order Balneolales, known for their presence in aquatic environments.
• Balneolales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes.
• Bdellovibrionaceae - A family of predatory bacteria that prey on other Gram-negative bacteria.
• Bdellovibrionales - An order of predatory bacteria within the class Oligoflexia.
• Bdellovibrionota - A phylum of bacteria known for containing predatory species.
• Bellilinea - A genus of filamentous bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi.
• Bifidobacterium adolescentis - A species of bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the human intestine and is believed to have probiotic properties.
• Bifidobacterium longum - A species of bacteria commonly found in the human gut, with potential health benefits.
• Bifidobacterium - A genus of Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacteria that are a significant component of the mammalian gut microbiota.
• Biogenic sulfide corrosion - Corrosion caused by the production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Bioluminescent bacteria - Bacteria that produce light through a chemical reaction involving a light-emitting molecule and an enzyme.
• Bioprecipitation - The process by which airborne bacteria serve as nuclei for raindrop formation.
• Blastopirellula cremea - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes.
• Blautia obeum - A species of bacteria found in the human gut microbiome.
• Blautia wexlerae - A species of bacteria that is part of the human intestinal flora.
• Boudabousia - A genus of bacteria within the class Gammaproteobacteria.
• Bowdeniella nasicola - A species of bacteria known for its presence in the nasal cavities of animals.
• Brevefilum - A genus of bacteria known for its short filamentous form.
• Brevifollis - A genus of bacteria characterized by short, filamentous cells.
• Brocadia fulgida - A species of anammox bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle.
• Brockia lithotrophica - A species of bacteria that can metabolize inorganic compounds.
• Brockia - A genus of bacteria known for its ability to metabolize inorganic compounds.
• Buchananella hordeovulneris - A species of bacteria associated with barley crops.
• Buellia frigida - Not directly related to bacteriology; may refer to a species of lichen.
• Butyrivibrio hungatei - A species of bacteria known for its role in the fermentation of dietary fibers in the rumen.
• Butyrivibrio - A genus of bacteria that plays a significant role in the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose in the guts of herbivores.
• Bythopirellula - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes.

C

• Cable bacteria - Filamentous bacteria that conduct electricity over centimeter distances in sediments, linking oxygen reduction at the surface with sulfide oxidation in deeper layers.
• Caldanaerobacter uzonensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria found in hot springs.
• Caldanaerobacter - A genus of thermophilic bacteria involved in various biochemical processes.
• Caldanaerobius fijiensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot springs.
• Caldanaerobius polysaccharolyticus - A species of thermophilic bacteria that can degrade polysaccharides.
• Caldanaerobius zeae - A species of thermophilic bacteria associated with the degradation of corn (zea) biomass.
• Caldanaerobius - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates.
• Caldanaerovirga - A genus of bacteria within the order Thermoanaerobacterales.
• Caldicellulosiruptor bescii - A species of extremely thermophilic bacteria capable of breaking down cellulose.
• Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus - A thermophilic bacterium known for its ability to ferment a wide range of sugars.
• Caldicellulosiruptor - A genus of extremely thermophilic bacteria known for their ability to degrade plant biomass.
• Caldilinea aerophila - A species of thermophilic, filamentous bacteria.
• Caldimicrobium rimae - A species of thermophilic bacteria found in hydrothermal environments.
• Caldimicrobium thiodismutans - A thermophilic bacterium known for its ability to dismutate sulfur compounds.
• Caldimicrobium - A genus of thermophilic bacteria involved in sulfur metabolism.
• Caldisericum - A genus of thermophilic bacteria within its own phylum, Caldiserica.
• Caldithrix - A genus of thermophilic, filamentous bacteria.
• Calditrichaceae - A family of thermophilic, filamentous bacteria within the order Calditrichales.
• Calditrichales - An order of thermophilic, filamentous bacteria.
• Calditrichia - A genus within the family Calditrichaceae, known for its thermophilic and filamentous characteristics.
• Calditrichota - A phylum of bacteria known for containing thermophilic and filamentous species.
• Caloribacterium - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot environments.
• Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola - A proposed species of bacteria associated with palm diseases.
• Candidatus Phytoplasma sacchari - A proposed species of bacteria associated with sugarcane diseases.
• Candidatus - A term used for describing bacteria that have not been cultured or fully characterized but have been identified through molecular methods.
• Capsulimonas - A genus of bacteria known for its capsulated cells.
• Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae - A group of bacteria that are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, posing significant healthcare challenges.
• Carboxydothermus - A genus of thermophilic bacteria that can metabolize carbon monoxide.
• Carcinogenic bacteria - Bacteria that have been linked to the development of cancer in humans or animals.
• Cardiobacterium valvarum - A species of bacteria associated with endocarditis.
• Catabolite repression - A regulatory mechanism in bacteria where the presence of a preferred carbon source inhibits the utilization of other carbon sources.
• Catenulispora - A genus of actinobacteria known for its potential in producing novel antibiotics.
• Cell envelope - The multilayered structure surrounding bacterial cells, including the cell wall and cell membrane.
• Cellulophaga - A genus of bacteria known for its ability to degrade cellulose.
• Cephaloticoccus capnophilus - A species of bacteria that thrives in carbon dioxide-rich environments.
• Cephaloticoccus - A genus of bacteria known for its preference for carbon dioxide-rich environments.
• Cerasicoccus arenae - A species of bacteria isolated from sandy environments.
• Cerasicoccus frondis - A species of bacteria associated with plant surfaces.
• Cerasicoccus - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in various environmental niches.
• Cetobacterium ceti - A species of bacteria associated with the intestinal tract of cetaceans.
• Cetobacterium somerae - A species of bacteria found in the digestive systems of fish.
• Cetobacterium - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in the gastrointestinal tracts of aquatic animals.
• Chlamydiales - An order of bacteria that includes pathogens of humans and animals, known for their unique developmental cycle.
• Chlorobaculum tepidum - A species of green sulfur bacteria capable of photosynthesis in low-light environments.
• Chlorobium chlorochromatii - A species of green sulfur bacteria involved in photosynthesis.
• Chlorobium - A genus of green sulfur bacteria known for their role in photosynthesis in anoxic environments.
• Chloroflexales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for their diversity in metabolic capabilities.
• Chloroflexia - A class within the phylum Chloroflexi, characterized by green non-sulfur bacteria.
• Chloroflexota - A phylum of bacteria known for containing green non-sulfur bacteria and related taxa.
• Chloroflexus aggregans - A species of green non-sulfur bacteria known for forming aggregates.
• Chloroflexus aurantiacus - A species of green non-sulfur bacteria capable of photosynthesis and thermophily.
• Chloroflexus islandicus - A thermophilic species of green non-sulfur bacteria.
• Christensenella hongkongensis - A species of bacteria associated with the human gut microbiome.
• Chromatium - A genus of purple sulfur bacteria known for their role in photosynthesis.
• Chromatophore (bacteria) - A photosynthetic organelle found in certain photosynthetic bacteria.
• Chroococcidiopsis - A genus of cyanobacteria known for its extreme tolerance to desiccation and radiation.
• Chrysiogenaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Chrysiogenetes, known for their ability to reduce arsenate and selenate.
• Chrysiogenes arsenatis - A species of bacteria capable of reducing arsenate to arsenite.
• Class (biology) - A rank in the biological classification system, above order and below phylum.
• Cloacibacillus evryensis - A species of bacteria known for its presence in wastewater treatment plants.
• Cloacibacillus porcorum - A species of bacteria associated with the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.
• Cloacibacillus - A genus of bacteria known for its role in the decomposition of organic matter.
• Cloning vector - A DNA molecule used to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed.
• Clostridioides difficile infection - An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, often resulting from the disruption of normal intestinal flora by antibiotics.
• Clostridioides difficile - A species of bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly following antibiotic use.
• Clostridioides - A genus of bacteria known for including species that can cause significant gastrointestinal infections.
• Clostridium carnis - A species of bacteria within the genus Clostridium, known for its role in meat spoilage.
• Clostridium leptum - A species of bacteria that is part of the normal gut flora in humans and animals.
• Clostridium - A genus of spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria known for including both beneficial and pathogenic species.
• CoRR hypothesis - The Co-location for Redox Regulation hypothesis, suggesting that genes encoding proteins involved in electron transport chains are located in close proximity to their site of action in the cell.
• Coccobacillus - A bacterial shape that is intermediate between cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shaped).
• Coccus - A spherical or oval-shaped bacterium, singular for cocci.
• Codon reassignment - The process by which a codon is reassigned to encode a different amino acid or stop signal in the genetic code of an organism, often observed in mitochondrial genomes and some bacterial species.
• Coliform bacteria - A group of bacteria found in the environment, including feces, that are used as indicators of water quality and sanitation.
• Collenia - A genus of stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria, significant in the study of early life on Earth.
• Competence factor - A substance produced by bacteria that enables them to take up extracellular DNA, a key step in natural transformation.
• Coprococcus eutactus - A species of bacteria found in the human gut microbiome.
• Coprococcus - A genus of bacteria within the family Lachnospiraceae, known for its presence in the human gut.
• Coprothermobacter platensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its role in the degradation of organic matter.
• Coprothermobacter proteolyticus - A thermophilic species known for its ability to degrade proteins.
• Coprothermobacteria - A class of thermophilic bacteria known for their role in the breakdown of organic materials.
• Coprothermobacterota - A phylum of thermophilic bacteria involved in the degradation of complex organic compounds.
• Coraliomargarita akajimensis - A species of bacteria known for its isolation from marine environments.
• Coraliomargarita sinensis - A species of bacteria isolated from marine coral.
• Coraliomargarita - A genus of bacteria known for its association with marine environments.
• Crenobacter cavernea - A species of bacteria known for its presence in cave environments.
• Cyanobacteria - A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, often referred to as "blue-green algae."
• Cystobacter - A genus of myxobacteria known for its complex life cycle and social behavior.
• Cytophaga - A genus of bacteria known for its ability to degrade complex polymers, such as cellulose and chitin.

D

• DD-transpeptidase - An enzyme involved in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers in bacterial cell walls, a target for beta-lactam antibiotics.
• Decolonization (medicine) - The reduction or elimination of bacterial colonization, particularly of pathogenic species, from the body to prevent infection or transmission.
• Deferribacter autotrophicus - A species of bacteria capable of autotrophic growth using iron(III) as an electron acceptor.
• Deferribacter desulfuricans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to reduce sulfur compounds.
• Deferribacter thermophilus - A thermophilic species of bacteria that can reduce iron and sulfur compounds.
• Deferribacter - A genus of bacteria known for their ability to reduce iron and other metals.
• Deferribacteraceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Deferribacteres, known for their iron-reducing capabilities.
• Deferrisoma camini - A species of bacteria known for its iron-reducing capabilities in hydrothermal vent environments.
• Deferrisoma palaeochoriense - A species of iron-reducing bacteria isolated from a hydrothermal vent.
• Deferrisoma - A genus of bacteria known for their ability to reduce iron compounds.
• Dehalococcoidia - A class of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for their ability to dechlorinate environmental pollutants.
• Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens - A species of bacteria capable of dehalogenating alkenes.
• Dehalogenimonas formicexedens - A species of bacteria known for its ability to dehalogenate and metabolize formic acid.
• Deinobacterium - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, known for its resistance to extreme conditions.
• Deinococcus apachensis - A species of bacteria known for its extreme radiation resistance.
• Deinococcus indicus - A species of radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from Indian soil.
• Deinococcus murrayi - A species of radiation-resistant bacteria.
• Deinococcus saxicola - A species of bacteria known for its ability to colonize rock surfaces and resist radiation.
• Delphibacteria - A proposed class of bacteria, not widely recognized in current taxonomic schemes.
• Denitrifying bacteria - Bacteria that convert nitrates into nitrogen gas, playing a key role in the nitrogen cycle.
• Desulfacinum hydrothermale - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its sulfur-reducing capabilities.
• Desulfacinum infernum - A species of thermophilic, sulfur-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfacinum - A genus of bacteria known for their ability to reduce sulfur compounds.
• Desulfobacterales - An order of sulfate-reducing bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria.
• Desulfobotulus sapovorans - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfohalobiaceae - A family of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfohalobium retbaense - A species of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a salt lake.
• Desulfohalobium - A genus of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfomonile limimaris - A species of bacteria known for its ability to dehalogenate and reduce sulfate.
• Desulfomonile tiedjei - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of dehalogenating organic compounds.
• Desulfomonile - A genus of bacteria known for their ability to dehalogenate organic compounds and reduce sulfate.
• Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovorans - A species of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of hydrogen oxidation.
• Desulfonatronovibrio thiodismutans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to dismutate sulfur compounds.
• Desulfonatronovibrio - A genus of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfonatronovibrionaceae - A family of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria within the order Desulfovibrionales.
• Desulfonatronum thioautotrophicum - A species of halophilic, sulfur-reducing bacteria capable of autotrophic growth.
• Desulfonatronum thiodismutans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to dismutate sulfur compounds under halophilic conditions.
• Desulfonatronum thiosulfatophilum - A species of bacteria that preferentially metabolizes thiosulfate.
• Desulfonatronum - A genus of halophilic, sulfur-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio acrylicus - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its ability to degrade acrylic acid.
• Desulfovibrio aerotolerans - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria with a tolerance to oxygen.
• Desulfovibrio aespoeensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from deep subsurface environments.
• Desulfovibrio alcoholivorans - A species of bacteria capable of fermenting alcohols under sulfate-reducing conditions.
• Desulfovibrio alkalitolerans - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its tolerance to alkaline conditions.
• Desulfovibrio aminophilus - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its ability to metabolize amino acids.
• Desulfovibrio arcticus - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from Arctic sediments.
• Desulfovibrio bastinii - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its role in biocorrosion.
• Desulfovibrio biadhensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a bioreactor.
• Desulfovibrio bizertensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from marine sediments.
• Desulfovibrio brasiliensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from Brazilian soils.
• Desulfovibrio burkinensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a gold mine.
• Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus - A species of bacteria known for its ability to ferment butyrate under sulfate-reducing conditions.
• Desulfovibrio capillatus - A species of filamentous, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio carbinolicus - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of metabolizing carbon monoxide.
• Desulfovibrio dechloracetivorans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to dechlorinate and metabolize acetate.
• Desulfovibrio ferrireducens - A species of iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio gabonensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from marine sediments.
• Desulfovibrio gracilis - A species of slender, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio halophilus - A species of halophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio idahonensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a hot spring.
• Desulfovibrio magneticus - A species of bacteria known for its magnetotactic capabilities.
• Desulfovibrio marinisediminis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from marine sediments.
• Desulfovibrio marrakechensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a wastewater treatment plant.
• Desulfovibrio oxyclinae - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of oxidizing sulfide.
• Desulfovibrio paquesii - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its role in industrial bioprocesses.
• Desulfovibrio piezophilus - A species of pressure-loving, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio profundus - A species of deep-sea, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Desulfovibrio putealis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a well.
• Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans - A species of bacteria capable of disproportionating sulfite into sulfate and sulfide.
• Desulfovibrio - A genus of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for their role in the sulfur cycle and their involvement in biocorrosion.
• Desulfovibrionales - An order of sulfate-reducing bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria.
• Desulfovirgula - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes, known for its sulfate-reducing capabilities.
• Desulfurobacteriaceae - A family of thermophilic, sulfur-reducing bacteria within the phylum Aquificae.
• Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum - A species of thermophilic, sulfur-reducing bacterium.
• Desulfuromonadales - An order of bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria, known for their ability to reduce sulfur compounds.
• Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to ferment peptides under sulfate-reducing conditions.
• Diamond v. Chakrabarty - A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the legal precedent for patenting genetically modified organisms.
• Dienes phenomenon - A phenomenon observed in the interaction between certain strains of bacteria, leading to the formation of clear zones of inhibition.
• Diplococcus - A term used to describe a pair of spherical bacteria, often used in reference to certain pathogenic species.
• Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms - Microorganisms, including some bacteria, that can reduce metal ions during their metabolic processes, often involved in bioremediation.
• Door handle bacteria - Bacteria commonly found on door handles, highlighting the importance of hygiene and disinfection in preventing the spread of pathogens.
• Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae that have developed resistance to one or more antibiotics, complicating treatment.

E

• Edaphobacter modestus - A species of bacteria found in soil, known for its modest metabolic capabilities.
• Eden growth model - A mathematical model used to simulate the growth of bacterial colonies, among other applications.
• Electric bacteria - Bacteria capable of generating or conducting electricity, playing a role in microbial fuel cells and other biotechnological applications.
• Electrotroph - Organisms, including some bacteria, that can use electrons from external sources as an energy source.
• Elusimicrobiota - A phylum of bacteria known for its elusive and poorly understood members, often found in aquatic environments.
• Elusimicrobium minutum - A species within the phylum Elusimicrobiota, known for its small size and minimalistic lifestyle.
• Enteractinococcus coprophilus - A species of bacteria associated with the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
• Entomoplasma freundtii - A species of bacteria associated with insects, particularly those in the order Diptera.
• Entomoplasma - A genus of bacteria known for its association with insects.
• Entomoplasmatales - An order of bacteria within the class Mollicutes, often associated with insects and other arthropods.
• Eobacteria - A term sometimes used to refer to ancient or primitive bacteria, not widely used in current scientific literature.
• Eobacterium - A hypothetical or archaic term for early forms of bacteria, not commonly used in modern taxonomy or phylogeny.
• Epiphytic bacteria - Bacteria that live on the surface of plants, often involved in the plant microbiome and plant health.
• Ereboglobus - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Eremobiotus - A term not directly related to bacteriology; possibly a misentry or related to tardigrades rather than bacteria.
• Escherichia coli - A species of bacteria that is commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless, some can cause serious food poisoning and other illnesses.
• Escherichia - A genus of Gram-negative bacteria that includes species such as Escherichia coli, known for their role in the human gut microbiome as well as in various diseases.
• Eubacterium eligens - A species of bacteria within the genus Eubacterium, known for its presence in the human gut microbiome.
• Eurybacteria - An obsolete classification that was once used to describe a group of Gram-positive bacteria, now generally referred to within the Firmicutes phylum.
• Exiguobacterium - A genus of bacteria known for its wide range of habitats and resistance to extreme conditions.
• Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere - A scientific experiment or series of experiments aimed at studying the survival and behavior of microorganisms exposed to the conditions of the stratosphere.
• Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - A form of tuberculosis caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to almost all drugs used to treat TB.
• Extracellular polymeric substance - A complex mixture of polymers secreted by bacteria into their environment, playing a key role in biofilm formation and protection.
• Extreme environment - Environments that present extreme conditions for life, such as high or low temperatures, high salinity, high pressure, or acidic or alkaline pH, where extremophiles thrive.
• Extremophile - Organisms, including some bacteria, that thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.
• Extremophiles in biotechnology - The application of extremophiles, including bacteria, in biotechnological processes, leveraging their unique enzymes and metabolic pathways.
• Extremozyme - Enzymes produced by extremophiles that are stable and active under extreme conditions, useful in industrial and biotechnological applications.

F

• Fecal microbiota spores, live - Spores derived from the fecal microbiota of healthy donors, used in therapeutic applications to restore gut microbiome balance.
• Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex - A protein complex involved in the photosynthetic light harvesting in green sulfur bacteria, facilitating energy transfer to the reaction center.
• Fermentibacteria - A proposed phylum of bacteria known for their fermentative metabolism, not widely recognized in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ferrimonadaceae - A family of bacteria within the class Gammaproteobacteria, known for their iron metabolism.
• Fervidobacterium changbaicum - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade cellulose.
• Fervidobacterium gondwanense - A thermophilic bacterium isolated from hot springs, known for its cellulolytic capabilities.
• Fibrobacter succinogenes - A species of bacteria known for its role in the degradation of cellulose in the rumen of herbivores.
• Fibrolytic bacterium - Bacteria capable of breaking down fibrous plant material, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, important in the digestion of herbivores.
• Flagellum - A long, whip-like structure that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacteria, enabling them to move.
• Flaviflexus - A genus of bacteria known for its yellow, flexible rods.
• Flavodoxin - A protein that serves as an electron carrier in some bacterial and algal photosynthetic systems, playing a role in the electron transport chain.
• Flexilinea - A genus of filamentous bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for their flexible, line-like appearance.
• Fretibacterium - A genus of bacteria known for its association with periodontal diseases.
• Fucophilus - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Fudania jinshanensis - A species of bacteria isolated from marine environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Fusobacteriaceae - A family of anaerobic bacteria that includes genera such as Fusobacterium, known for their role in human infections.
• Fusobacteriota - A phylum of bacteria known for including species that are significant in human health and disease, including periodontal pathogens.
• Fusobacterium polymorphum - A species of bacteria within the genus Fusobacterium, associated with periodontal disease.
• Fusobacterium - A genus of anaerobic bacteria that are part of the human oral and gastrointestinal microbiomes and can cause various infections.

G

• Gas vesicle - A protein-bound structure found in certain bacteria and archaea that provides buoyancy, allowing cells to position themselves in the water column.
• Gelria (bacterium) - A genus of bacteria known for its gelatinous colonies, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Geminisphaera - A genus of bacteria known for its unique cell division process, resembling the division of eukaryotic cells.
• Gemmataceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for their complex cell structures and division processes.
• Gemmatimonadota - A phylum of bacteria known for its diverse metabolic capabilities and presence in various environments.
• Gemmatimonas aurantiaca - A species of bacteria within the phylum Gemmatimonadota, known for its orange pigmentation.
• Gemmatimonas groenlandica - A species of bacteria isolated from Greenland, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Gemmatimonas phototrophica - A species of bacteria capable of photosynthesis, within the phylum Gemmatimonadota.
• Gemmatimonas - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Gemmatimonadota, known for its presence in soil and aquatic environments.
• Genetically modified bacteria - Bacteria that have been genetically engineered to possess new functions or properties, used in research, biotechnology, and medicine.
• Geobacter anodireducens - A species of bacteria known for its ability to transfer electrons to anodes, used in microbial fuel cells.
• Geobacter argillaceus - A species of bacteria known for its role in the bioremediation of contaminated environments.
• Geobacter bemidjiensis - A species of bacteria involved in the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated sites.
• Geobacter bremensis - A species of bacteria known for its ability to reduce iron and other metals, isolated from a marine environment.
• Geobacter chapellei - A species of bacteria known for its role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals.
• Geobacter daltonii - A species of bacteria known for its metabolic flexibility in utilizing various electron acceptors.
• Geobacter lovleyi - A species of bacteria named after Dr. Derek Lovley, known for its role in the bioremediation of uranium-contaminated environments.
• Geobacter psychrophilus - A species of bacteria capable of iron reduction at low temperatures.
• Geobacter thiogenes - A species of bacteria known for its ability to reduce sulfur compounds.
• Geobacter toluenoxydans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to oxidize toluene under anaerobic conditions.
• Geobacteraceae - A family of bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria, known for their ability to reduce iron and other metals.
• Geobacterales - An order of bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria, known for including genera such as Geobacter.
• Gimenez stain - A staining technique used for the detection of certain intracellular bacteria, such as Rickettsia and Coxiella.
• Gimesia - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in aquatic environments.
• Girvanella - A genus of filamentous cyanobacteria known for its role in the formation of stromatolites and other microbialites.
• Gleimia - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Gottschalkia acidurici - A species of bacteria known for its ability to ferment uric acid under anaerobic conditions.
• Gracilicutes - An obsolete taxonomic group that was once used to describe a broad grouping of Gram-negative bacteria.
• Green sulfur bacteria - A group of photosynthetic bacteria that utilize sulfide or hydrogen as electron donors in their photosynthetic process.
• Gunflintia - A genus of microfossils believed to represent ancient cyanobacteria, significant in the study of early life on Earth.

H

• HACEK organisms - A group of Gram-negative bacteria that are a common cause of endocarditis, including species such as Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella.
• Haemophilus influenzae - A species of bacteria that can cause various respiratory infections, including pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis.
• Haliangium ochraceum - A species of myxobacteria known for its production of secondary metabolites with potential antibiotic properties.
• Haliangium tepidum - A species of myxobacteria isolated from warm environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Halobacterium - A genus of Archaea known for its extreme halophilic (salt-loving) characteristics, found in high-salt environments.
• Halomonas titanicae - A species of bacteria known for its ability to corrode steel, including that of the Titanic wreck.
• Haloplasma - A genus of bacteria within the class Halanaerobiae, known for its halophilic characteristics.
• Hathewaya histolytica - A species of bacteria within the genus Hathewaya, known for its potential to cause histolytic infections.
• Heliobacteria - A group of photosynthetic bacteria that use bacteriochlorophyll g for photosynthesis, distinct from other photosynthetic bacteria.
• Heliothrix oregonensis - A species of filamentous, photosynthetic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Herminiimonas glaciei - A species of bacteria isolated from ancient glacial ice, known for its ability to survive in extreme cold.
• Herpetosiphon giganteus - A species of filamentous bacteria known for its predatory behavior towards other bacteria.
• Herpetosiphon - A genus of filamentous bacteria within the class Chloroflexi, known for its predatory lifestyle and complex life cycle.
• Herpetosiphonaceae - A family of filamentous bacteria within the order Herpetosiphonales, known for their predatory behavior and complex life cycles.
• Herpetosiphonales - An order of filamentous bacteria within the class Chloroflexi, characterized by their predatory lifestyle.
• Heteroresistance - The presence of a mixed bacterial population within a single strain, where some cells are resistant to antibiotics and others are susceptible, complicating treatment.
• Hopanoids - Sterol-like molecules found in the membranes of some bacteria, contributing to membrane stability and function.
• Human Microbiome Project - A research initiative aimed at characterizing the microbial communities found on and in the human body and understanding their role in human health and disease.
• Human interactions with microbes - The study of the complex relationships between humans and microorganisms, including beneficial, neutral, and harmful interactions.
• Human microbiome - The collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, that reside on and within the human body, playing a crucial role in health and disease.
• Hybrid plasmid - A plasmid that has been genetically engineered to contain segments of DNA from different sources, used in molecular biology and genetic engineering.
• Hydrobacteria - An obsolete or non-standard term that may have been used to describe bacteria associated with water or aquatic environments.
• Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria - Bacteria capable of degrading hydrocarbons, playing a key role in the bioremediation of oil spills and other hydrocarbon-contaminated environments.
• Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria - Bacteria that can use hydrogen gas as an electron donor in their energy metabolism, playing a role in the biogeochemical cycling of hydrogen.
• Hydrogenobacter - A genus of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, found in hot springs and other thermal environments.
• Hydrogenothermaceae - A family of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria within the phylum Aquificae, known for their role in hydrothermal vent ecosystems.
• Hypolith - Microbial communities that live underneath rocks in extreme environments, such as deserts, where they are protected from harsh conditions and utilize light for photosynthesis.

I

• Idiomarinaceae - A family of bacteria within the class Gammaproteobacteria, known for their presence in marine environments.
• Ignavibacteriales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Chlorobi, known for their distinctive metabolic and ecological characteristics.
• Ignicoccus - A genus of hyperthermophilic Archaea known for its unique cellular structure and symbiotic relationships with other microorganisms.
• Ilyobacter delafieldii - A species of bacteria known for its role in the fermentation of organic compounds under anaerobic conditions.
• Ilyobacter insuetus - A species of bacteria within the genus Ilyobacter, known for its anaerobic metabolism.
• Indicator organism - Microorganisms, including certain bacteria, used as indicators to assess the microbial quality of water, food, and other samples, often indicating the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Intracellular bacteria - Bacteria that live within the cells of a host organism, including both symbiotic and pathogenic species.
• Isolation chip - A microfluidic device used to isolate and study individual bacterial cells or small populations of cells, enabling the analysis of single-cell behaviors and interactions.
• Isosphaeraceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for their distinctive cellular structures and reproductive strategies.

J-L

• Jonquetella - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Synergistetes, known for its presence in the human oral microbiome and potential pathogenicity.
• Katanobacteria - A proposed phylum of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Kiritimatiellota - A phylum of bacteria known for its members' ability to degrade hydrocarbons, named after Christmas Island (Kiritimati) where some members were first identified.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae - A species of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and other healthcare-associated infections, known for its antibiotic resistance.
• Kordiimonas gwangyangensis - A species of marine bacteria known for its ability to degrade hydrocarbons.
• Kryptonia - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• L-form bacteria - Bacteria that lack a cell wall, which can occur naturally or result from exposure to certain conditions, such as antibiotic treatment.
• Lac operon - A well-studied genetic system in bacteria that controls the metabolism of lactose, serving as a model for gene regulation.
• Lacipirellulaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its members' unique cellular structures and reproductive strategies.
• Lacticaseibacillus casei - A species of bacteria within the genus Lacticaseibacillus, known for its probiotic properties and presence in fermented foods.
• Lactivibrio - A proposed genus of lactic acid-producing bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Lactobacillus - A genus of Gram-positive bacteria known for its role in the fermentation of milk, production of lactic acid, and probiotic properties.
• Lacunisphaera parvula - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by its small size and unique cellular features.
• Lacunisphaera - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its unique cellular morphology and ecological roles.
• Lawsonia intracellularis - A species of bacteria that causes proliferative enteropathy in pigs and other animals, characterized by its obligate intracellular lifestyle.
• Lentimonas - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Lentisphaera araneosa - A species of bacteria within the phylum Lentisphaerota, known for its unique cellular structures and ecological roles.
• Lentisphaerota - A phylum of bacteria known for its members' distinctive cellular structures and presence in various environments.
• Leptolinea tardivitalis - A species of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its filamentous structure and presence in thermal environments.
• Leptolinea - A genus of filamentous bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its presence in thermal and other environments.
• Leptospirillum ferriphilum - A species of bacteria known for its role in the bioleaching of iron-containing ores.
• Leptotrichia goodfellowii - A species of bacteria within the genus Leptotrichia, associated with human oral and respiratory tract infections.
• Leptotrichia trevisanii - A species of bacteria within the genus Leptotrichia, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Levilinea saccharolytica - A species of bacteria known for its ability to ferment sugars, producing acid as a byproduct.
• Levilinea - A genus of bacteria known for its fermentative metabolism and presence in various environments.
• Limnodrilus sulphurensis - A species of bacteria isolated from sulfide-rich environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Limosilactobacillus reuteri - A species of bacteria within the genus Limosilactobacillus, known for its probiotic properties and presence in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals.
• Limosilactobacillus - A genus of lactic acid bacteria, known for its probiotic species and presence in fermented foods and the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.
• Lipophilic bacteria - Bacteria that have an affinity for lipids or fatty substances, often involved in the degradation of oils and fats.
• Living medicine - The use of living microorganisms, including genetically modified bacteria, as therapeutic agents to treat or prevent diseases.
• Longilinea - A genus of filamentous bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its long, thread-like cells.
• Lucifera butyrica - A proposed species of bioluminescent bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Luminescent bacteria - Bacteria capable of producing light through bioluminescence, found in marine environments and other habitats.
• Luria–Delbrück experiment - A classic experiment conducted by Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück that demonstrated that bacterial mutations occur in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selective pressure.
• Lutibacterium - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.

M-N

• Magnetotactic bacteria - Bacteria that orient themselves along magnetic field lines using intracellular structures known as magnetosomes, which contain magnetic iron minerals.
• Mal regulon - A set of genes in bacteria that are involved in the metabolism of maltose and maltodextrins, regulated as a single unit.
• Marinimicrobia - A candidate phylum of bacteria known for its members' presence in marine environments and their role in carbon and sulfur cycling.
• Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade hydrocarbons, playing a role in the bioremediation of oil spills.
• Marinobacter - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in marine environments and its ability to degrade hydrocarbons.
• Marpolia - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Meiothermus - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot springs and other thermal environments.
• Merodiploid - A bacterial cell that contains two copies of a particular gene or genetic element, one on the chromosome and one on a plasmid or another chromosome, allowing for genetic studies and manipulations.
• Mesoplasma - A genus of bacteria within the class Mollicutes, known for its association with insects and plants.
• Metallogenium - A proposed genus of bacteria involved in the biogeochemical cycling of metals, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Methanothermus - A genus of hyperthermophilic methanogenic Archaea known for its ability to produce methane under extreme temperatures.
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - A strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin, posing significant challenges in healthcare settings.
• Methylomirabilaceae - A proposed family of methanogenic Archaea, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Microbial corrosion - The degradation of metals and other materials by the direct or indirect action of microorganisms, including bacteria.
• Microbial ecology - The study of the interactions among microorganisms and between microorganisms and their environment.
• Microbial inoculant - A preparation of live microorganisms, including bacteria, applied to seeds, soil, or plants to enhance growth, nutrient uptake, or disease resistance.
• Microbiome in the Drosophila gut - The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of the fruit fly Drosophila, influencing its health and development.
• Microbiota - The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, that inhabit a particular environment or host.
• Microcin - A type of bacteriocin produced by certain bacteria that can kill or inhibit the growth of closely related bacterial strains.
• Microgenomates - A candidate phylum of bacteria known for its small genomes and minimalistic lifestyle, often found in environmental samples.
• Microscopic discovery of bacteria - The historical achievement of observing bacteria under the microscope, attributed to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century, marking the beginning of microbiology.
• Minimal infective dose - The smallest number of bacteria or other microorganisms that can cause infection in a host.
• Monothalamea - A proposed class of single-chambered foraminifera, not directly related to bacteriology but relevant in studies of microbial ecology and evolution.
• Moonmilk - A soft, white, creamy deposit found in caves, formed by the action of bacteria and other microorganisms on minerals.
• Moorella (bacterium) - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to reduce carbon dioxide to acetate, playing a role in the carbon cycle.
• Moorella glycerini - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of fermenting glycerol.
• Moorella humiferrea - A species of thermophilic bacteria isolated from humus-rich soil, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Moorella mulderi - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to reduce carbon dioxide to acetate.
• Moorella perchloratireducens - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of reducing perchlorate.
• Moorella stamsii - A species of thermophilic bacteria named after Professor Alfons J.M. Stams, known for its metabolic versatility.
• Moorella thermoacetica - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to produce acetate from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
• Moorella thermoautotrophica - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of autotrophic growth under thermal conditions.
• Morania - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Morganella morganii - A species of bacteria known for causing opportunistic infections in humans, including urinary tract infections and wound infections.
• Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria - Bacteria that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, often Gram-negative species, posing significant challenges in healthcare.
• Multidrug-resistant bacteria - Bacteria that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, complicating the treatment of infections they cause.
• Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - A form of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs.
• Multiple drug resistance - The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of multiple antibiotics or antimicrobial agents, often due to genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes.
• Muribaculaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes, known for its presence in the mammalian gut microbiome.
• Mycobacterium lepromatosis - A species of bacteria that causes leprosy, closely related to Mycobacterium leprae.
• Mycoplasma haemocanis - A species of bacteria known for causing hemolytic anemia in dogs.
• Mycoplasma haemomuris - A species of bacteria known for infecting the blood of rodents, causing hemolytic anemia.
• Mycoplasma meleagridis - A species of bacteria known for causing respiratory disease in turkeys.
• Mycorrhiza helper bacteria - Bacteria that associate with mycorrhizal fungi, enhancing the establishment and function of the mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots.
• Myxococcaceae - A family of bacteria within the order Myxococcales, known for their complex life cycle and social behavior.
• Natural competence - The ability of some bacteria to naturally take up extracellular DNA from their environment, a key mechanism in horizontal gene transfer.
• Nautilia - A genus of thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
• Necrobiome - The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, that are involved in the decomposition of dead organic matter.
• Neisseria meningitidis - A species of bacteria that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease, particularly in young adults and children.
• Nematode - A phylum of worms, not directly related to bacteriology, but some species are associated with or affected by bacteria, including as hosts for symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria.
• Neochlamydia hartmannellae - A species of bacteria within the order Chlamydiales, known for its association with amoebae.
• Nibricoccus - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Nitrate reductase test - A laboratory test used to determine the ability of bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite, important in the identification of bacterial species.
• Nitrospinota - A proposed phylum of bacteria known for its members' involvement in the nitrogen cycle, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Nitrospirota - A phylum of bacteria known for its members' role in the nitrogen cycle, particularly in nitrification.
• Nomurabacteria - A proposed phylum of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Non-motile bacteria - Bacteria that lack the ability to move independently, often due to the absence of structures such as flagella.
• Novosphingobium pentaromativorans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Novosphingobium - A genus of bacteria known for its diverse metabolic capabilities, including the degradation of aromatic compounds.

O-P

• Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from Alaskan sediments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Oleiharenicola alkalitolerans - A species of bacteria known for its tolerance to alkaline conditions, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Oleiharenicola lentus - A species of slow-growing bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Oleiharenicola - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Oligoflexia - A class of bacteria known for its members' flexibility and presence in various environments, including aquatic and soil habitats.
• Opitutaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Verrucomicrobia, known for its presence in soil and aquatic environments.
• Opitutales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Verrucomicrobia, characterized by their presence in various environments and their diverse metabolic capabilities.
• Opitutus terrae - A species of bacteria within the phylum Verrucomicrobia, known for its presence in soil environments.
• Opitutus - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Verrucomicrobia, known for its presence in soil and aquatic environments.
• Order (biology) - A rank in the biological classification system, above family and below class, used to group organisms that share common characteristics.
• Ornatilinea - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its filamentous structure and presence in thermal and other environments.
• Oxalotrophic - Bacteria capable of metabolizing oxalate, a dicarboxylic acid, as a source of carbon and energy.
• Ozarkcollenia - A proposed genus of ancient cyanobacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Paludisphaera - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in wetland environments.
• ParABS system - A bacterial chromosome segregation system involving the ParA ATPase, ParB DNA-binding protein, and specific DNA sequences called parS sites, crucial for accurate chromosome partitioning during cell division.
• ParMRC system - A plasmid segregation mechanism in bacteria, involving the ParM actin-like protein, ParR DNA-binding protein, and specific DNA sequences on the plasmid, ensuring equal plasmid distribution to daughter cells during cell division.
• Parachlamydia - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chlamydiae, known for its association with amoebae and potential as an emerging human pathogen.
• Parachlamydiaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Chlamydiae, including genera such as Parachlamydia, associated with amoebae and implicated in human respiratory infections.
• Parvibacter - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Parvimonas micra - A species of bacteria known for its association with dental and periodontal infections.
• Pauljensenia hongkongensis - A species of bacteria isolated from Hong Kong, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• PelB leader sequence - A signal sequence used in molecular biology to direct the secretion of recombinant proteins to the periplasmic space in bacteria.
• Pelagicoccus mobilis - A species of bacteria known for its mobility and presence in marine environments.
• Pelagicoccus - A genus of bacteria within the class Alphaproteobacteria, known for its presence in marine environments.
• Pelolinea - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its filamentous structure and presence in aquatic environments.
• Peptidiphaga gingivicola - A species of bacteria associated with periodontal disease, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Peptostreptococcus - A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria known for its role in various human infections, including dental and soft tissue infections.
• Persephonella guaymasensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria isolated from hydrothermal vent environments.
• Persister cells - Bacterial cells that enter a dormant state, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatment and other stress conditions, contributing to chronic and recurrent infections.
• Peucemycin - A compound produced by certain bacteria, showing antibiotic activity against a range of bacterial pathogens.
• Phase variation - A mechanism in bacteria that leads to the reversible, heritable change in expression of certain genes, often involved in virulence and adaptation to environmental changes.
• Phasevarion - A regulatory system in bacteria that controls phase variation of multiple genes through the activity of a DNA methyltransferase, affecting virulence and host interaction.
• Pho regulon - A set of genes in bacteria regulated by the availability of inorganic phosphate, involved in phosphate uptake and conservation.
• Phocaeicola plebeius - A species of bacteria within the genus Phocaeicola, known for its presence in the human gut microbiome.
• Phorcysia - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Phototrophic biofilm - A biofilm formed by photosynthetic microorganisms, including certain bacteria, on surfaces exposed to light, capable of producing energy through photosynthesis.
• Phycisphaeraceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its unique cellular structures and reproductive strategies.
• Phycisphaerae - A class within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by bacteria with unique cell division processes and reproductive strategies.
• Piezophile - An organism, including some bacteria, that thrives under high pressure conditions, often found in deep-sea environments.
• Pirellulaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its members' unique cellular structures and reproductive strategies.
• Pirellulales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by bacteria with complex cell structures and division processes.
• Planctomicrobium - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in aquatic environments.
• Planctomycetaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its unique cellular structures and reproduction mechanisms.
• Planctomycetia - A class within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by bacteria with complex cellular organization and unique reproductive strategies.
• Planctopirus hydrillae - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its association with aquatic plants.
• Planctopirus - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in aquatic environments.
• Planomicrobium - A genus of bacteria known for its presence in various environments, including soil and water.
• Plasmid copy number - The number of copies of a particular plasmid present within a bacterial cell, which can vary depending on the plasmid type and the growth conditions of the bacterium.
• Plasmid partition system - A mechanism by which plasmids are evenly distributed to daughter cells during bacterial cell division, ensuring the maintenance of plasmids within the bacterial population.
• Plasmid-mediated resistance - The acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes by bacteria through the uptake and incorporation of plasmids that carry resistance genes.
• Plesiocystis - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Polarisedimenticola svalbardensis - A species of bacteria isolated from Arctic sediments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Polysaccharide A - A specific polysaccharide produced by certain bacteria, known for its immunomodulatory effects and potential therapeutic applications.
• Poribacteria - A candidate phylum of bacteria known for its association with marine sponges, playing a role in the sponge microbiome.
• Prevotella bivia - A species of bacteria within the genus Prevotella, associated with the human vaginal and gastrointestinal microbiomes, and implicated in certain infections.
• Prevotella - A genus of Gram-negative bacteria known for its presence in the human oral, gastrointestinal, and vaginal microbiomes, with species implicated in various infections.
• Prophage - A bacteriophage genome integrated into the bacterial chromosome or existing as a plasmid within the bacterial cell, capable of being activated to produce new phage particles.
• Propionigenium - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Prosthecate bacteria - Bacteria that possess appendages called prosthecae, which are used for attachment to surfaces or for nutrient uptake.
• Prosthecobacter algae - A proposed species of bacteria known for its association with algae, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Prosthecobacter fluviatilis - A species of bacteria known for its presence in freshwater environments and for possessing prosthecae.
• Psammophile - An organism, including some bacteria, that thrives in sandy environments, often involved in the decomposition of organic matter or in nutrient cycling.
• Pseudescherichia - A proposed genus of bacteria, closely related to Escherichia, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Pseudomonas Genome Database - An online database that provides genomic and genetic information about species of the genus Pseudomonas, supporting research on this diverse group of bacteria.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa - A species of bacteria known for its resistance to antibiotics and its role in hospital-acquired infections, capable of infecting various parts of the body.
• Pullulanase - An enzyme produced by certain bacteria that breaks down pullulan, a polysaccharide, into maltotriose units.
• Purple bacteria - A group of photosynthetic bacteria that use bacteriochlorophyll a or b for photosynthesis, including both sulfur and non-sulfur varieties, known for their diverse metabolic capabilities.
• Putrefying bacteria - Bacteria involved in the decomposition of organic matter, leading to the production of foul-smelling compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
• Pyramidobacter - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.

R

• R1 plasmid - A specific plasmid known for its role in antibiotic resistance, often studied as a model for plasmid biology and gene transfer.
• RK2 plasmid - A broad-host-range plasmid used as a vector in genetic engineering and biotechnology, known for its ability to replicate in a wide variety of bacterial species.
• Radiotrophic fungus - A type of fungus, not a bacterium, that can utilize radiation as an energy source, notable for its presence in environments with high levels of radiation.
• Rariglobus - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Relaxosome - A complex of proteins and DNA involved in the transfer of DNA during bacterial conjugation, crucial for the initiation and regulation of the transfer process.
• Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon - Refers to the accidental contamination of the Moon with Streptococcus mitis bacteria during the Apollo missions, demonstrating the hardiness of some bacterial species.
• Rhizobacteria - Bacteria that live in close association with plant roots, often promoting plant growth or protecting plants from pathogens.
• Rhizorhabdus - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Rhodobacter capsulatus - A species of purple non-sulfur bacteria known for its versatility in metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.
• Rhodobacter sphaeroides - A species of purple non-sulfur bacteria capable of photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, widely studied for its bioenergetic systems.
• Rhodoferax - A genus of bacteria within the class Betaproteobacteria, known for its diverse metabolic capabilities, including the degradation of pollutants.
• Rhodopirellula bahusiensis - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in marine environments.
• Rhodopirellula baltica - A model species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its complex cellular structure and diverse metabolic capabilities.
• Rhodopirellula caenicola - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, isolated from marine sediments.
• Rhodopirellula lusitana - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, isolated from a marine sponge.
• Rhodopirellula rosea - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its pink coloration and presence in marine environments.
• Rhodopirellula - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its complex cellular morphology and presence in marine and freshwater environments.
• Rhodospirillum rubrum - A species of purple non-sulfur bacteria known for its ability to perform photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.
• Rhodothermaceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes, known for its members' thermophilic and halophilic characteristics.
• Rhodothermales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes, characterized by its members' adaptation to hot and salty environments.
• Rhodothermus marinus - A species of thermophilic, halophilic bacteria within the family Rhodothermaceae, known for its ability to degrade complex polysaccharides.
• Rhodothermus - A genus of bacteria within the family Rhodothermaceae, known for its thermophilic and halophilic characteristics.
• Ri plasmid - A type of plasmid used in the genetic engineering of plants, similar to the Ti plasmid but associated with hairy root disease.
• Roseburia - A genus of bacteria within the family Lachnospiraceae, known for its presence in the human gut microbiome and its role in butyrate production.
• Roseimaritima - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Rubinisphaera - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Rubripirellula - A proposed genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ruminococcus - A genus of bacteria within the family Lachnospiraceae, known for its presence in the rumen of herbivores and the human gut microbiome, involved in the digestion of complex carbohydrates.

S

• Saccharibacteria - A candidate phylum of bacteria, formerly known as TM7, known for its small size and association with the human oral microbiome.
• Salmonella Typhi - A species of bacteria that causes typhoid fever, a serious and potentially fatal disease transmitted through contaminated food and water.
• Saprotrophic bacteria - Bacteria that decompose dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
• Scalindua brodae - A species of anammox bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle, converting ammonium and nitrite into dinitrogen gas.
• Scandinavium goeteborgense - A proposed species of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Scardovia wiggsiae - A species of bacteria associated with childhood caries and other oral health issues.
• Schlesneria - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its unique cellular morphology and presence in aquatic environments.
• Scotochromogenic - Describes bacteria that produce pigments in the dark but enhance pigment production when exposed to light, often used in reference to certain mycobacteria.
• Secondary chromosome - An additional chromosome found in some bacteria, distinct from the main chromosome, often carrying genes beneficial for adaptation and survival.
• Section (biology) - A rank in the biological classification system, used in some contexts to divide genera into smaller groups based on specific characteristics.
• Sedimentisphaeraceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its members' unique cellular structures and ecological roles.
• Sedimentisphaerales - An order of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by bacteria with complex cellular organization and unique reproductive strategies.
• Segmented filamentous bacteria - A group of bacteria characterized by their segmented, filamentous morphology, known for their role in the gut microbiome and in stimulating the immune system.
• Sentinel outlet - A term not directly related to bacteriology; possibly refers to monitoring points used in environmental studies to detect contamination or changes in microbial communities.
• Siderophilic bacteria - Bacteria that have an affinity for iron, often involved in the biogeochemical cycling of iron.
• Silvanigrella aquatica - A species of bacteria known for its presence in aquatic environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Silvanigrella - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Silvanigrellaceae - A proposed family of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Silvanigrellales - A proposed order of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Simkania - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chlamydiae, known for its association with respiratory infections.
• Singulisphaera acidiphila - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its acidophilic characteristics.
• Singulisphaera mucilagenosa - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by its production of mucilage.
• Singulisphaera rosea - A species of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its pink coloration.
• Singulisphaera - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its unique cellular morphology and ecological roles.
• Slime layer - A loose, unorganized layer of extracellular polymeric substances surrounding some bacteria, providing protection and facilitating attachment to surfaces.
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth - A condition in which excessive numbers of bacteria grow in the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and malabsorption.
• Smithella propionica - A species of bacteria known for its role in the degradation of propionic acid, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Sneathia amnii - A species of bacteria associated with reproductive and urinary tract infections.
• Sneathia sanguinegens - A species of bacteria known for its presence in the human reproductive tract and its association with bacterial vaginosis.
• Sneathia - A genus of bacteria known for its association with the human reproductive tract and potential pathogenicity.
• Solobacterium moorei - A species of bacteria associated with halitosis (bad breath) and other oral health issues.
• Somatic antigen - An antigen present on the surface of bacteria, used in serotyping to differentiate bacterial strains based on their surface characteristics.
• Species - The basic unit of biological classification, defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.
• Sphaerobacter - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its presence in wastewater treatment plants and other environments.
• Sphaerocodium - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Spheroplast - A bacterial cell from which the cell wall has been partially removed, rendering it spherical and osmotically sensitive.
• Sphingobacteria (phylum) - An obsolete term that was once used to describe a group of bacteria, now generally referred to within the Bacteroidetes phylum.
• Sphingomonas - A genus of bacteria known for its diverse metabolic capabilities, including the degradation of aromatic compounds and participation in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.
• Spiral bacteria - Bacteria that have a spiral or helical shape, such as those in the genera Spirillum and Helicobacter.
• Spiroplasma citri - A species of bacteria known for causing citrus stubborn disease, a plant disease affecting citrus trees.
• Spiroplasma mirum - A species of bacteria within the genus Spiroplasma, associated with various plant and animal diseases.
• Spirulina (dietary supplement) - A cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) used as a dietary supplement for its nutritional content, not to be confused with true bacteria.
• SrnB-SrnC toxin-antitoxin system - A type of bacterial toxin-antitoxin system involving the SrnB toxin and SrnC antitoxin, regulating cell growth and survival under stress conditions.
• Stigmatella (bacterium) - A genus of myxobacteria known for its complex life cycle, social behavior, and production of secondary metabolites.
• Streptococcus agalactiae - A species of bacteria that is a common cause of neonatal infections and can also cause infections in adults, particularly in those with compromised immune systems.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae - A species of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other infections, particularly in children and the elderly.
• Streptococcus - A genus of Gram-positive bacteria known for including species that cause various human diseases, such as strep throat, pneumonia, and meningitis.
• Streptomyces sp. myrophorea - A species of bacteria within the genus Streptomyces, known for its production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds.
• Stygiella - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Subgenus - A rank in the biological classification system, used to further divide a genus into groups based on more specific characteristics.
• Sulfate-reducing microorganism - Microorganisms, including certain bacteria and archaea, that can reduce sulfate to sulfide as part of their metabolic process, playing a key role in the sulfur cycle.
• Sulfobacillus - A genus of acidophilic, thermophilic bacteria known for its role in the bioleaching of metals from ores.
• Sulfur-reducing bacteria - Bacteria that can reduce elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide, playing a role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur.
• Synergistes jonesii - A species of bacteria known for its presence in the rumen of cattle and its role in the degradation of toxic compounds.
• Syntrophaceticus schinkii - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade acetate in syntrophic association with methanogens.
• Syntrophales - An order of bacteria known for their ability to degrade organic compounds in syntrophic association with methanogenic archaea.
• Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to oxidize propionate in syntrophic association with methanogens.
• Syntrophobacter pfennigii - A species of bacteria within the genus Syntrophobacter, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens - A species of sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its ability to degrade fatty acids in syntrophic association with other microorganisms.
• Syntrophobacter wolinii - A species of bacteria known for its role in the degradation of propionate in syntrophic association with methanogens.
• Syntrophobacter - A genus of bacteria known for its members' ability to degrade organic compounds in syntrophic associations with methanogens, playing a role in the carbon cycle.
• Syntrophobacteraceae - A family of bacteria within the order Syntrophobacterales, known for their role in the degradation of organic compounds in syntrophic associations.
• Syntrophobacterales - An order of bacteria known for their ability to degrade fatty acids and other compounds in syntrophic associations with methanogens.
• Syntrophus aciditrophicus - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade fatty acids and other organic compounds in syntrophic association with methanogens.
• Syntrophus buswellii - A species of bacteria within the genus Syntrophus, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Syntrophus - A genus of bacteria known for its ability to degrade organic compounds in syntrophic association with methanogens, contributing to the carbon cycle in anaerobic environments.

T

• Telmatocola - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to oxidize acetate.
• Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade fatty acids in syntrophic association with methanogens.
• Tepidanaerobacter - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade organic compounds under anaerobic conditions.
• Tepidanaerobacteraceae - A family of thermophilic bacteria within the order Thermoanaerobacterales, known for their ability to degrade organic compounds.
• Tepidisphaera - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, known for its presence in thermal environments.
• Tepidisphaeraceae - A family of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes, characterized by its members' presence in thermal environments and unique cellular features.
• Terrabacteria - A proposed group of bacteria that includes the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, and others, characterized by their terrestrial adaptations.
• Terrimicrobium - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Tersicoccus phoenicis - A species of bacteria known for its isolation from spacecraft assembly facilities, highlighting concerns about planetary protection and contamination.
• Thermaceae - A family of thermophilic bacteria within the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus, known for their ability to thrive in hot environments.
• Thermacetogenium phaeum - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to produce acetate from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
• Thermanaeromonas burensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in thermal environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermanaeromonas toyohensis - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of degrading organic compounds under high temperatures.
• Thermanaeromonas - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade organic compounds in thermal environments.
• Thermanaerothrix - A proposed genus of thermophilic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to ferment amino acids.
• Thermanaerovibrio velox - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of rapid growth and amino acid fermentation.
• Thermanaerovibrio - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade amino acids and other organic compounds under anaerobic conditions.
• Thermoanaerobacter acetoethylicus - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to produce ethanol and acetate from sugars.
• Thermoanaerobacter brockii - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its role in the fermentation of sugars to produce ethanol and other products.
• Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of producing ethanol from sugars under high temperatures.
• Thermoanaerobacter italicus - A species of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Italian hot springs, known for its fermentative metabolism.
• Thermoanaerobacter kivui - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to produce hydrogen and ethanol from sugars.
• Thermoanaerobacter mathranii - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to ferment a wide range of sugars under anaerobic conditions.
• Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of producing ethanol and other fermentation products from sugars.
• Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to reduce iron and other metals.
• Thermoanaerobacter thermocopriae - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates and produce ethanol.
• Thermoanaerobacter - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for their ability to ferment sugars and produce ethanol under anaerobic conditions.
• Thermoanaerobacterales Family IV - A proposed family within the order Thermoanaerobacterales, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermoanaerobacterales - An order of thermophilic bacteria known for their ability to ferment a wide range of substrates, producing ethanol, hydrogen, and other products.
• Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its ability to ferment sugars and produce hydrogen.
• Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum - A species of thermophilic bacteria capable of fermenting sugars to produce ethanol and other products.
• Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot aquatic environments, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermocrinis albus - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot springs and other thermal environments.
• Thermocrinis minervae - A species of thermophilic bacteria isolated from a Roman thermal bath, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermocrinis ruber - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its red pigmentation and presence in hot springs.
• Thermodesulfobacterium commune - A species of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its presence in hot environments.
• Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum - A species of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Thermodesulfobium acidiphilum - A species of acidophilic, thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• Thermodesulfobium narugense - A species of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from a hot spring.
• Thermodesulfobium - A genus of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for their ability to thrive in hot environments.
• Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica - A species of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for its presence in North Sea oil fields.
• Thermodesulforhabdus - A genus of thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria known for their role in the sulfur cycle in thermal environments.
• Thermoduric bacterium - Bacteria that can survive high temperatures that would normally kill most microorganisms, often involved in food spoilage.
• Thermogutta terrifontis - A species of thermophilic bacteria isolated from hot springs, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermogutta - A proposed genus of thermophilic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermoguttaceae - A proposed family of thermophilic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermomarinilinea - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in marine thermal environments.
• Thermomicrobia - A class of bacteria within the phylum Chloroflexi, known for its thermophilic members and their role in thermal environments.
• Thermomicrobiota - A proposed phylum of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes, known for its thermophilic members.
• Thermosediminibacteraceae - A proposed family of thermophilic bacteria within the order Thermosediminibacterales, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermosediminibacterales - An order of thermophilic bacteria known for their presence in hot sedimentary environments.
• Thermosipho - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hydrothermal vent environments and its ability to ferment a variety of substrates.
• Thermostability - The ability of a molecule, such as an enzyme or protein produced by bacteria, to remain stable and functional at high temperatures.
• Thermostilla - A proposed genus of thermophilic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermotoga hypogea - A species of hyperthermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot subsurface environments.
• Thermotoga lettingae - A species of hyperthermophilic bacteria known for its ability to produce hydrogen from organic substrates.
• Thermotoga subterranea - A species of hyperthermophilic bacteria isolated from a deep subsurface oil reservoir.
• Thermotomaculum hydrothermale - A proposed species of thermophilic bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thermovirga - A genus of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot environments and its ability to degrade complex organic compounds.
• Thermus antranikianii - A species of thermophilic bacteria named after Professor Garabed Antranikian, known for its ability to degrade starch at high temperatures.
• Thermus igniterrae - A species of thermophilic bacteria known for its presence in hot terrestrial environments.
• Thiolava - A proposed genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thioreductor - A proposed genus of sulfur-reducing bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Thomasclavelia ramosa - A proposed species of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ti plasmid - A plasmid found in Agrobacterium species that is used in genetic engineering to transfer genes into plant cells, leading to the formation of crown gall disease.
• Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis - A form of tuberculosis for which no current medical treatments are effective, posing significant challenges for public health.
• Toxin-antitoxin database - An online resource that provides information about bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems, including their genetic sequences, structures, and functions.
• Toxin-antitoxin system - A set of linked genes found in bacteria and some archaea that encode both a toxin and its corresponding antitoxin, involved in plasmid maintenance, stress response, and bacterial persistence.
• Tribe (biology) - A rank in the biological classification system, used in some contexts to divide families into smaller groups based on specific characteristics.
• Tumor-homing bacteria - Bacteria that have been engineered or selected for their ability to specifically target and colonize tumors, used in experimental cancer therapy.
• Twitching motility - A type of bacterial movement that occurs on surfaces, mediated by the extension and retraction of type IV pili.
• Type strain - The strain of a bacterial species that is used as the reference strain for that species, serving as the standard for its identification and classification.

U-Z

• Ultramicrobacteria - Bacteria with very small cell sizes, often less than 0.1 micrometers in diameter, capable of surviving under nutrient-limited conditions.
• Ureaplasma canigenitalium - A proposed species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ureaplasma cati - A species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, known for its association with feline urogenital tract infections.
• Ureaplasma diversum - A species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, associated with reproductive and respiratory tract infections in cattle.
• Ureaplasma felinum - A species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, associated with feline urogenital tract infections.
• Ureaplasma gallorale - A proposed species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ureaplasma loridis - A proposed species of bacteria within the genus Ureaplasma, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Ureaplasma - A genus of bacteria known for its association with urogenital tract infections in humans and animals, characterized by its lack of a cell wall.
• Uterine microbiome - The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, that inhabit the uterine environment, influencing reproductive health and outcomes.
• Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus - A species of bacteria known for its predatory behavior towards the green alga Chlorella, impacting algal cultures and ecosystems.
• Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus - Enterococcus species that have developed resistance to vancomycin, an antibiotic used to treat serious infections, posing significant healthcare challenges.
• Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcus aureus strains that have developed resistance to vancomycin, complicating the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria.
• Veillonellaceae - A family of anaerobic bacteria within the order Selenomonadales, known for its presence in the human oral and gastrointestinal microbiomes.
• Viable but nonculturable - A state in which bacteria are alive but cannot be cultured using standard laboratory techniques, often occurring in response to environmental stress.
• Victivallis vadensis - A species of bacteria within the phylum Lentisphaerae, known for its presence in the human gut microbiome.
• Vulgatibacter - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Waddlia - A genus of bacteria within the phylum Chlamydiae, known for its association with reproductive disorders in animals and potential implications for human health.
• White pox disease - A coral disease caused by the bacterium Serratia marcescens, leading to tissue loss and reef degradation.
• Wirthbacteria - A proposed phylum of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani - A pathovar of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris known for causing leaf spot disease in radishes and other cruciferous plants.
• Xenophyophorea - A group of giant, single-celled organisms found on the deep-sea floor, not bacteria but often associated with diverse microbial communities.
• Xenosome - A structure found within certain ciliates that is derived from endosymbiotic bacteria, contributing to the host's metabolism.
• Xerophile - An organism, including some bacteria, that thrives in dry or desiccated environments, often involved in the spoilage of dry foods.
• Yeosuana - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Zavarzinella - A proposed genus of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes.
• Zixibacteria - A candidate phylum of bacteria, not widely recognized or validated in current taxonomic schemes, known for its presence in environmental samples.
• Zobellia galactanivorans - A species of bacteria known for its ability to degrade galactans, polysaccharides found in red algae.

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