Helvella

2011-05-29 Helvella acetabulum 68463

Helvella cosera 297108

Helvella ephippium sattellorchel

Helvella is a genus of ascomycete fungi belonging to the family Helvellaceae. The genus is characterized by its distinctive saddle-shaped fruiting bodies, which can vary in color from black and grey to brown and white. The members of this genus are commonly referred to as "elfin saddles". They are found in a variety of habitats around the world, ranging from forest floors to grassy areas, often in association with trees in both deciduous and coniferous forests.

Description

The fruiting bodies of Helvella species are notable for their irregular, often lobed or saddle-shaped caps, which sit atop slender or stout stipes. The size of these mushrooms can vary significantly, from small to quite large. The surface of the cap may be smooth, wrinkled, or ribbed, and the coloration varies widely among species. The spores produced by Helvella fungi are typically ellipsoid and smooth, with sizes and shapes that can help in the identification of specific species.

Ecology

Helvella species are saprotrophic, deriving nutrients from decomposing organic matter, although some may form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, thereby contributing to a symbiotic relationship where both the fungus and the host plant benefit. They are most commonly found during the autumn months, but some species may appear in spring or early summer, depending on the local climate and environmental conditions.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the Helvella genus has been subject to revision, with molecular studies providing new insights into the relationships between species. The genus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and it has undergone numerous reclassifications over the years. Recent phylogenetic studies have helped clarify the classification within the Helvellaceae family, though some species remain difficult to categorize due to the variability in morphological characteristics.

Edibility

The edibility of Helvella mushrooms varies, with some species considered edible while others are known to contain toxins. It is crucial for foragers to exercise caution and consult reliable resources when identifying these mushrooms, as their unique appearances can sometimes lead to confusion with other, potentially harmful fungi. Some species of Helvella contain gyromitrin, a toxic compound that can cause serious illness if ingested.

Species

There are numerous species within the Helvella genus, including:

• Helvella lacunosa, known as the "elfin saddle"
• Helvella crispa, also referred to as the "white saddle" or "friar's cap"
• Helvella leucopus, characterized by its white stipe

This list is not exhaustive, as new species continue to be identified and classified.

Conservation

The conservation status of Helvella species varies globally, with some species abundant and widespread, while others may be rare or under threat due to habitat loss and environmental changes. Conservation efforts are important to ensure the survival of these unique fungi and the ecosystems they inhabit.