Hemorrhagic shock

Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a severe bacterial disease primarily affecting cattle and buffalo. It is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, specifically serotypes B:2 and E:2. The disease is characterized by high fever, difficulty in breathing, and bleeding from natural orifices, leading to a rapid death, often within hours of the onset of clinical signs.

Etiology

The causative agent of Hemorrhagic Septicemia is Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative, nonmotile, penicillin-sensitive coccobacillus. Two serotypes, B:2 and E:2, are responsible for the disease. The bacterium is present in the respiratory tract of healthy animals and can be shed in nasal and oral secretions.

Epidemiology

Hemorrhagic Septicemia is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The disease is associated with periods of high humidity and temperature, such as the rainy season and monsoon. It affects mainly cattle and buffalo, but other ruminants and swine can also be affected.

Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

The disease is acute and often fatal, with death occurring within 24-48 hours of the onset of clinical signs. Symptoms include high fever, difficulty in breathing, salivation, and bleeding from natural orifices. The animals may show signs of severe depression and refuse to eat or drink.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and confirmed by isolation and identification of Pasteurella multocida from blood or tissues of dead animals. Serological tests can also be used for diagnosis.

Prevention and Control

Vaccination is the most effective method of prevention. The vaccine is usually administered annually before the onset of the high-risk period. Control measures include quarantine of affected animals, disinfection of premises, and proper disposal of carcasses.

Treatment

Early treatment with antibiotics, such as penicillin, can be effective if administered at the onset of clinical signs. However, due to the rapid progression of the disease, treatment is often unsuccessful.

See Also

• Pasteurella multocida
• Bacterial Diseases of Cattle
• Zoonotic Diseases

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