Hindu nationalism

Shivaji by Raja Ravi Varma

Prithvi Narayan Shah

Jang Bahadur Ranaji

Dayananda Saraswati 1962 stamp of India

Swami Vivekananda at Parliament of Religions

Hindu nationalism is an ideology that promotes the cultural, religious, and national identity of Hinduism as the foundational narrative of India. Emerging in the late 19th century in the context of Indian independence movements, it seeks to define Indian culture in terms of Hindu values, advocating for the country to be recognized as a Hindu nation. This movement has significantly influenced Indian politics and society, particularly since the late 20th century.

Origins and Development

The roots of Hindu nationalism can be traced back to the colonial period, when India was under British rule. Intellectuals and leaders started to conceptualize an Indian identity that was distinct from the colonial oppressors. Figures such as Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar played pivotal roles in shaping the ideology. Savarkar, in his work Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?, laid down the ideological foundations of Hindu nationalism, emphasizing the geographical and cultural unity of Hindus.

Philosophy and Ideology

Hindu nationalism is built around the concept of Hindutva, or "Hinduness", which seeks to promote the cultural hegemony of Hindus in India. It is not merely a religious movement but a nationalist one, aiming to preserve and propagate Hindu cultural norms and values. The movement argues that India should be a Hindu state, reflecting the majority religion's way of life, traditions, and values.

Political Influence

The political influence of Hindu nationalism has grown significantly, especially with the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its affiliates, collectively known as the Sangh Parivar. These organizations, including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), have been instrumental in promoting Hindu nationalist policies and ideologies. Since the late 20th century, the BJP has emerged as a dominant force in Indian politics, implementing policies that reflect Hindu nationalist ideals.

Controversies and Criticism

Hindu nationalism has been a subject of controversy and criticism. Critics argue that it promotes a divisive and exclusionary vision of India, marginalizing religious and cultural minorities. There have been instances of communal violence and discrimination linked to the rise of Hindu nationalism. The movement's critics also contend that it undermines the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Impact on Society and Culture

The impact of Hindu nationalism on Indian society and culture has been profound. It has influenced educational policies, historical narratives, and cultural practices, often prioritizing Hindu traditions and perspectives. The movement has also played a significant role in shaping India's foreign policy and its relations with neighboring countries.

Conclusion

Hindu nationalism continues to be a powerful and influential ideology in India, shaping the country's political landscape and societal norms. While it has its supporters who see it as a means to preserve and promote Hindu culture, it faces opposition from those who view it as a threat to India's pluralistic and secular identity.