Industrialisation

Bairoch

Yearly CO2 Emissions from 1750 to 1900

Kemna Lokomotiven

Industrialisation

"Der Streik" von Robert Koehler

Industrialisation (or Industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.

Origins

Industrialisation originated in Great Britain during the late 18th century, leading to a shift from primarily agrarian economies across Europe and America to industrial economies. This period, also known as the Industrial Revolution, marked a turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, the introduction of steam power (fueled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.

Characteristics

The main features of industrialisation include the use of technological innovation to improve production processes, the increase in the scale and complexity of manufacturing, significant changes in society, including urbanization, and the development of a class of workers who do not own the means of production, known as the proletariat.

Technological Innovation

Technological advancements are at the heart of industrialisation. The development of machinery that could be powered by water or steam revolutionized the means of production, particularly in industries such as textiles, iron, and coal mining.

Urbanization

Industrialisation has led to urbanization, which is the movement of people from rural areas to cities. This occurs as people seek employment in industrial centers. The growth of cities has been one of the most visible effects of industrialisation.

Social Changes

The shift towards industrialisation has also brought about significant social changes, including the development of a working class and changes in living conditions. With the growth of factories, many people were employed in poor working conditions for low wages, leading to the rise of labor movements.

Impact

The impact of industrialisation has been profound, including both positive and negative consequences. On the positive side, industrialisation has led to increased production, technological progress, and improvements in living standards. On the negative side, it has also led to environmental degradation, a decline in the health of workers, and, initially, to a widening gap between the rich and the poor.

Economic Impact

Economically, industrialisation has led to the creation of new industries and has significantly increased the productivity and efficiency of production. This has contributed to increased wealth and a higher standard of living for some.

Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of industrialisation has been significant, with pollution and the depletion of natural resources being major concerns. The reliance on fossil fuels has also contributed to climate change.

Global Spread

Following its origins in Great Britain, industrialisation spread throughout Europe and North America during the 19th century and later to other parts of the world. Each region's industrialisation process has been influenced by its unique social, economic, and political contexts.

Challenges and Future

The future of industrialisation involves addressing the environmental and social challenges it has created. Sustainable development and green technologies are seen as essential for mitigating the negative impacts of industrialisation.