Jade

Jade gisements

Han jade dragen

Korea-Silla kingdom-Gold crown from Hwangnam Daechong-No.191-01D

Dagger India Louvre MR13434

Bicephalous pendant (Jade), Artefacts of Phu Hoa site(Dong Nai province) 01

Ear pendant (peka peka), Maori people, Honolulu Museum of Art, 3351

Jade refers to an ornamental mineral, mostly known for its green varieties, which can range in color from dark green to almost white. It has been used in jewelry, carvings, and other decorative items for thousands of years, and its significance spans across various cultures, particularly in Asia and the Americas. Jade is actually composed of two distinct minerals: Nephrite and Jadeite, with jadeite being somewhat rarer and more valuable.

History

The use of jade dates back to prehistoric times. In China, jade has been known and valued for its hardness, durability, and beauty since the Neolithic period. Ancient Chinese civilizations considered jade to be the "imperial gem" and used it not only for ritual objects but also for various tools and weapons due to its toughness. Similarly, in Mesoamerica, particularly among the Maya, the Olmec, and the Aztecs, jade was more valuable than gold and was used in rituals, for making jewelry, and as offerings in burials.

Types

Nephrite

Nephrite is a variety of jade composed mainly of the mineral actinolite. It is the most common type of jade and was the form historically used in China until jadeite became popular in the 18th century. Nephrite can be found in a range of colors, from creamy white to green, and is known for its creamy, smooth texture.

Jadeite

Jadeite is rarer than nephrite and is considered more valuable. It is composed mainly of the mineral pyroxene. Jadeite can come in a variety of colors, including green, lavender, red, orange, yellow, blue, black, and white. The most prized variety of jadeite is the bright emerald-green jade known as "Imperial Jade," which is almost transparent.

Cultural Significance

In Chinese culture, jade is seen as a symbol of purity, grace, and moral integrity. It is also believed to have protective qualities and is often used in talismans and amulets. The Chinese character for jade, 玉, is a prominent motif in Chinese art and literature.

In Mesoamerican cultures, jade was associated with water and vegetation, and by extension, life and fertility. It was often used in ceremonies and burials, with jade objects placed in the mouths of the dead to protect them in the afterlife.

Modern Use

Today, jade continues to be valued for its beauty and cultural significance. It is used in a wide range of decorative items and jewelry, from simple beads to intricate carvings. The jade market has expanded globally, with significant sources of jade in British Columbia, Canada (nephrite), and Myanmar (jadeite), among others.

Conservation

The mining and trade of jade, especially jadeite, have raised concerns about environmental damage and ethical practices. Efforts are being made in some regions to regulate jade mining to ensure it is sustainable and does not contribute to conflict.