Pathophysiology of nerve entrapment

Cross section normal nerve and atrophied nerve

== Pathophysiology of Nerve Entrapment ==

Nerve entrapment, also known as nerve compression or pinched nerve, refers to a condition where a nerve is compressed or restricted in its normal pathway. This compression can lead to pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or other symptoms along the affected nerve's distribution.

Causes

Nerve entrapment can be caused by various factors, including anatomical variations, inflammation, trauma, repetitive motion, tumors, or infections. Anatomical variations such as bone spurs or muscle hypertrophy can physically compress a nerve, leading to entrapment.

Mechanism

When a nerve is entrapped, the normal function of the nerve is disrupted. The compression can interfere with the nerve's ability to transmit signals properly, leading to abnormal sensations or loss of function in the areas supplied by the affected nerve. Inflammation or swelling around the nerve can further exacerbate the compression and symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms of nerve entrapment can vary depending on the location and severity of the compression. Common symptoms include pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or a burning sensation along the affected nerve pathway. In some cases, muscle atrophy or loss of coordination may also occur.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing nerve entrapment typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests such as MRI or nerve conduction study to visualize the affected nerve and assess its function. Electromyography may also be used to evaluate nerve function and muscle response.

Treatment

Treatment for nerve entrapment aims to relieve the compression on the nerve and alleviate symptoms. Conservative treatments may include physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, splinting, or steroid injections. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to release the compressed nerve.

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