Sexual Orientation

Sexual Orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, both genders, neither gender, or another gender. It is usually classified as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality. Sexual orientation is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior).

Definition and Distinctions

Sexual orientation is often discussed as a characteristic of the individual, like biological sex, gender identity, or age. This perspective is incomplete because sexual orientation is defined in terms of relationships with others. People express their sexual orientation through behaviors with others, including such simple actions as holding hands or kissing. Thus, sexual orientation is closely tied to the intimate personal relationships that meet deeply felt needs for love, attachment, and intimacy. In addition to sexual behaviors, these bonds include nonsexual physical affection between partners, shared goals and values, mutual support, and ongoing commitment.

Determinants of Sexual Orientation

The exact causes of sexual orientation are not known, but an individual's sexual orientation is believed to be the result of a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.

Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

There is no inherent association between any sexual orientation and mental health. However, because of the stigma and discrimination people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) often face, they are at higher risk for mental health problems than their heterosexual counterparts.

Sexual Orientation and Society

Societal attitudes towards sexual orientation vary significantly across different cultures and historical periods. Some cultures and religions accept and celebrate diverse sexual orientations, while others condemn certain orientations and may even criminalize homosexual behavior.

See Also

• Homosexuality
• Heterosexuality
• Bisexuality
• Asexuality
• Gender Identity
• LGBT

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