Tamil literature

தமிழ்த் தாய் திருக்கோயிலில் அகத்தியர் சிலை

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Thiruvalluvar Statue of kanyakumari

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பாரதி, அபூர்வ புகைப்படம் (cropped)

Tamil literature refers to the literature written in the Tamil language. This body of work spans over two thousand years, making it one of the oldest and continuous literatures of the world. Tamil literature is renowned for its deep spiritual and moral insights, rich cultural content, and historical value. It encompasses a wide range of literary forms including poetry, prose, drama, and folklore.

Origins and Historical Development

The history of Tamil literature can be divided into five periods: Sangam, Post-Sangam, Bhakti, Medieval, and Modern.

Sangam Literature

The earliest phase of Tamil literature is known as the Sangam literature, which flourished between 300 BCE and 300 CE. This period is marked by collections of poetry that were composed in assemblies of Tamil scholars called Sangams. The most notable works from this period include the Ettuthokai and the Pathupattu, which consist of eight and ten anthologies respectively. Sangam literature primarily dealt with themes such as love, valor, and the social and political conditions of the time.

Post-Sangam Period

Following the Sangam era, the Post-Sangam period (up to 600 CE) saw the creation of religious and ethical texts. The Tirukkural, authored by Thiruvalluvar, is a significant work from this period, offering moral guidance and wisdom in the form of couplets.

Bhakti Movement

The Bhakti period, spanning from 600 CE to 1200 CE, was characterized by devotional literature dedicated to Hindu gods like Shiva and Vishnu. The Nayanmars and Alvars, saint poets of Shiva and Vishnu respectively, composed fervent hymns that were instrumental in spreading Bhakti throughout Tamil Nadu.

Medieval Tamil Literature

Medieval Tamil literature (1200 CE to 1800 CE) saw the emergence of epics, such as the Silappadikaram and the Manimekalai, which blended religious values with historical narratives. This period also witnessed the growth of commentaries on earlier works and the development of ethical literature.

Modern Tamil Literature

The modern period, beginning in the 19th century, was marked by a resurgence in Tamil identity and language, influenced by colonial and post-colonial changes. Modern Tamil literature includes a variety of genres such as novels, short stories, and essays, dealing with contemporary issues and themes.

Literary Genres and Forms

Tamil literature boasts a variety of genres and forms, including:

- Poetry: Ranging from the classical Sangam poems to modern verses. - Prose: Including ancient didactic works like the Tirukkural and modern novels and short stories. - Drama: Though less prevalent, Tamil drama has evolved to include street plays and modern theatre. - Folklore: Encompassing folk tales, songs, and legends passed down through generations.

Themes and Characteristics

Tamil literature is characterized by its use of high and low dialects, intricate metaphors, and deep philosophical and ethical considerations. Themes often revolve around love, war, valor, ethics, and devotion, reflecting the social and cultural ethos of the Tamil people.

Influence and Legacy

Tamil literature has had a profound influence on the cultural and religious life of Tamil-speaking populations. It has also contributed significantly to Indian literature as a whole, influencing other literary traditions within India and abroad.