Thanaka

Thanaka is a yellowish-white cosmetic paste made from ground bark. It is a distinctive feature of the culture of Myanmar, seen commonly applied to the face and sometimes the arms of women and girls, and is used to a lesser extent also by men and boys. The use of thanaka has spread to neighboring countries including Thailand and Bangladesh, where it is used among the Burmese diaspora. It has been used for over 2000 years by Burmese people to protect the skin from the sun, for beauty purposes, and for its cooling properties.

History

The tradition of using thanaka dates back to the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767 AD), evidencing its long-standing cultural significance in Southeast Asia. It is deeply ingrained in the Burmese way of life, reflecting not only an aesthetic choice but also a manifestation of the country's rich heritage. Historical records and various Buddhist texts mention the use of thanaka as an adornment for the face, particularly by women, to signify purity, beauty, and to protect the skin from the harsh tropical sun.

Production

Thanaka is produced from the bark of trees belonging to the genus Murraya, particularly Murraya paniculata and Limonia acidissima. These trees are grown extensively in the central regions of Myanmar, where the climate and soil conditions are most suitable for their growth. The process of making thanaka involves the bark being soaked overnight and then ground into a paste using a circular stone slab called a kyauk pyin.

Application

The application of thanaka is a ritualistic practice for many Burmese people. It is commonly applied in a circular pattern on the cheeks, but designs can vary including leaf shapes, animal shapes, and abstract patterns depending on personal preference. The paste is left to dry on the skin, providing a cooling sensation and acting as a sunblock. Thanaka can also be used as a skincare product, with many believing it to have properties that help with acne and skin blemishes.

Cultural Significance

Thanaka is more than just a cosmetic product in Myanmar; it is a symbol of the country's cultural identity. It represents the beauty ideals of the Burmese people, which favor a clear, smooth, and luminous complexion. The practice of applying thanaka is passed down from generation to generation, reinforcing its role in the preservation of Burmese cultural traditions. It is also a sign of hospitality, with guests often being offered thanaka as a gesture of welcome.

Contemporary Use

In recent years, thanaka has gained popularity as a natural and sustainable beauty product beyond the borders of Myanmar. It is now found in various forms, including powders, creams, and soaps, catering to a global audience interested in eco-friendly and traditional skincare options. Despite its modern adaptations, the traditional use of thanaka paste remains prevalent among the Burmese people, serving as a living link to their ancestral heritage.

Challenges

The commercialization and increased demand for thanaka have led to concerns over the sustainability of the Murraya trees. Conservation efforts are necessary to ensure that the production of thanaka does not lead to deforestation or the exploitation of natural resources. Furthermore, the cultural significance of thanaka faces challenges from globalization and the influence of Western beauty standards, which may lead to a decline in its traditional use.