List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in 1895. The first prize was awarded in 1901.

List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

Below is a complete list of the Nobel laureates in Chemistry, from 1901 to the present.

1901-1920

• 1901: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff – "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions."
• 1902: Hermann Emil Fischer – "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses."
• 1903: Svante Arrhenius – "for his electrolytic theory of dissociation."
• 1904: William Ramsay – "for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system."
• 1905: Adolf von Baeyer – "for his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds."
• 1906: Henri Moissan – "for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace called after him."
• 1907: Eduard Buchner – "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation."
• 1908: Ernest Rutherford – "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances."
• 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald – "for his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction."
• 1910: Otto Wallach – "for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds."
• 1911: Marie Curie – "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."
• 1912: Victor Grignard and Paul Sabatier – "for the discovery of the Grignard reagent" and "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals respectively."
• 1913: Alfred Werner – "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry."
• 1914: Theodore William Richards – "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements."
• 1915: Richard Martin Willstätter – "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll."
• 1916: Not awarded.
• 1917: Not awarded.
• 1918: Fritz Haber – "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements."
• 1919: Jules Bordet – "for his discoveries relating to immunity."
• 1920: Walther Nernst – "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry."

1921-1940

• 1921: Frederick Soddy – "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes."
• 1922: Francis William Aston – "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."
• 1923: Fritz Pregl – "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances."
• 1924: Richard Adolf Zsigmondy – "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he developed for their study."
• 1925: Richard Martin Willstätter – "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll."
• 1926: The (Theodor) Svedberg – "for his work on disperse systems."
• 1927: Heinrich Otto Wieland – "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances."
• 1928: Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus – "for his research on sterols and their connection with vitamins."
• 1929: Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin – "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes."
• 1930: Hans Fischer – "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin."
• 1931: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius – "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods."
• 1932: Irving Langmuir – "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry."
• 1933: Not awarded
• 1934: Harold Clayton Urey – "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen."
• 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie – "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements."
• 1936: Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye – "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases."
• 1937: Walter Norman Haworth – "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" and Paul Karrer – "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2."
• 1938: Richard Kuhn – "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins."
• 1939: Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt – "for his work on sex hormones" and Leopold Ruzicka – "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes."
• 1940: Not awarded.

1941-1960

• 1941: Not awarded.
• 1942: Not awarded.
• 1943: George de Hevesy – "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes."
• 1944: Otto Hahn – "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei."
• 1945: Artturi Ilmari Virtanen – "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method."
• 1946: James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, and Wendell Meredith Stanley – "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form."
• 1947: Robert Robinson – "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids."
• 1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius – "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins."
• 1949: William Francis Giauque – "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures."
• 1950: Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder – "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis."
• 1951: Edwin McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg – "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements."
• 1952: Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge – "for their invention of partition chromatography."
• 1953: Hermann Staudinger – "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry."
• 1954: Linus Pauling – "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances."
• 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud – "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone."
• 1956: Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov – "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions."
• 1957: Alexander Robertus Todd – "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes."
• 1958: Frederick Sanger – "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin."
• 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský – "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis."
• 1960: Willard Frank Libby – "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science."

1961-1980

• 1961: Melvin Calvin – "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants."
• 1962: Max Ferdinand Perutz and John Cowdery Kendrew – "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins."
• 1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta – "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers."
• 1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances."
• 1965: Robert Burns Woodward – "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis."
• 1966: Robert S. Mulliken – "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method."
• 1967: Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, and George Porter – "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy."
• 1968: Lars Onsager – "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes."
• 1969: Derek Barton and Odd Hassel – "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry."
• 1970: Luis Federico Leloir – "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates."
• 1971: Gerhard Herzberg – "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals."
• 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen – "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" and Stanford Moore and William H. Stein – "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule."
• 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson – "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds."
• 1974: Paul J. Flory – "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules."
• 1975: John Warcup Cornforth – "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" and Vladimir Prelog – "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions."
• 1976: William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. – "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding."
• 1977: Ilya Prigogine – "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures."
• 1978: Peter D. Mitchell – "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory."
• 1979: Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig – "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis."
• 1980: Paul Berg – "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" and Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger – "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids."

1981-2000

• 1981: Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann – "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions."
• 1982: Aaron Klug – "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes."
• 1983: Henry Taube – "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes."
• 1984: Robert Bruce Merrifield – "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix."
• 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle – "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures."
• 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, and John C. Polanyi – "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."
• 1987: Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen – "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity."
• 1988: Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel – "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre."
• 1989: Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech – "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA."
• 1990: Elias James Corey – "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis."
• 1991: Richard R. Ernst – "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy."
• 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus – "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems."
• 1993: Kary B. Mullis – "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" and Michael Smith – "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies."
• 1994: George A. Olah – "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry."
• 1995: Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, and Frank Sherwood Rowland – "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone."
• 1996: Robert F. Curl, Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, and Richard E. Smalley – "for their discovery of fullerenes."
• 1997: Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker – "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" and Jens C. Skou – "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase."
• 1998: Walter Kohn – "for his development of the density-functional theory" and John A. Pople – "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry."
• 1999: Ahmed Zewail – "for his pioneering work on femtochemistry, the study of chemical reactions on extremely short timescales."
• 2000: Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa – "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers."

2001-present

• 2001: William S. Knowles, Ryōji Noyori, and K. Barry Sharpless – "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions."
• 2002: John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wüthrich – "for their development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules."
• 2003: Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon – "for their discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes."
• 2004: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Rose – "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation."
• 2005: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock – "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis."
• 2006: Roger D. Kornberg – "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."
• 2007: Gerhard Ertl – "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces."
• 2008: Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Y. Tsien – "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP."
• 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath – "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."
• 2010: Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki – "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis."
• 2011: Dan Shechtman – "for the discovery of quasicrystals."